供应链视角下成长型企业融资方式选择:债权融资VS股权融资

优序融资理论从企业价值和资本成本的角度指出企业融资应遵循内源融资、债权融资和股权融资的顺序。当企业的融资与运营相结合时，成长型企业的融资方式选择与优序融资理论有何异同?文章构建了供应链视角下成长型零售商的债权和股权融资模型，探讨其在快速发展过程中的最优融资方式。核心的发现是：供应链合作、企业的成长性和估值水平均会影响企业的融资方式选择。在供应链不合作下，被高估的零售商以及被低估的高成长性零售商应选择股权融资，被低估的中或低成长性零售商应遵循优序融资理论选择债权融资；在供应链合作下，零售商的市场成长性主导了其融资方式，估值水平仅对部分中等成长性零售商的融资方式产生影响。     

零售商股权融资的供应链契约结构分析

契约是促成供应链企业战略合作的重要纽带，在股权融资背景下有着新的内涵。本文研究了零售商股权融资时供应链的运作问题，刻画了契约结构对零售商股权融资的影响，建立了两类不同契约结构下的供应链运作模型。研究发现，零售商的股权融资行为极大地受到契约结构的影响：一方面，供应商主导的契约结构严重阻碍了零售商的股权融资意愿，不利于企业发展。另一方面，通过一类契约锁定协议可以提升零售商的融资意愿，实现多方共赢。揭示了契约结构在股权融资过程中的重要作用。     

零售商股权融资“对赌协议”的运营模型分析

对赌协议常用于规制股权融资过程中投融资双方关系，对两者的战略合作有着重要而深远的影响。本文基于企业运营的视角研究了零售商与私募股权投资机构（PE）的对赌问题，建立了有无对赌协议两种情况下的零售企业运营模型，刻画了对赌对企业发展以及股权投融资双方行为的影响，探讨了众多企业在股权融资后出现运营矛盾冲突和绩效下滑的"对赌困局"的原因。研究发现对赌协议对零售商具有"扭曲激励"效果，即对赌协议在激励零售商实现对赌业绩目标的同时，也扭曲了零售商的运营行为，这是造成"对赌困局"的根本原因。为消除或者减轻这种"扭曲激励"作用，零售商应该选择与其战略目标相匹配的对赌标的或难易程度适当的业绩目标。     

供应链融资结构视角下的零售商订购策略研究

本文引入供应链融资结构因素，在传统库存管理模型基础上，研究零售商在面临随机市场需求情形下考虑股权和债权等融资方式的订购策略，建立允许零售商延期支付的最优订购模型，利用最优化理论与方法得到了该模型的最优解，证明了最优解的存在性和唯一性，并分析了债权融资比例、价格成本比例系数、销售价格、订货周期、回购价格、进货价格、缺货成本、库存成本、以及融资利率等因素对最优解的影响。进一步，通过数值示例深入探讨具体市场环境下零售商的最优订购量，并进行了敏感性分析。研究发现，债权融资比例、价格成本比例系数、进货价格、订购周期、库存成本与零售商订购量存在负相关关系；缺货成本、回购价格、销售价格与零售商订购量正相关。相关研究结论可以为零售商订购行为提供科学指导，并为其库存管理提供重要决策依据。     

3PL企业融资服务模式下考虑损失规避零售商的供应链运营和协调策略

针对第三方物流（3PL）企业融资服务模式，研究了具有损失规避行为的零售商面临资金约束情形的供应链运营策略和协调问题。在本文中，分析了分散情形下3PL企业的最优融资策略和损失规避零售商的最优订货策略。以及集中情形下供应链的最优订货策略，通过比较两种情形下的最优订货量，得到了可以使资金约束供应链实现整体协调的转移支付契约。研究结果表明：当零售商初始资金较高时，3PL企业融资服务模式下零售商的订货量超过其在资金充足时的订货量；当零售商初始资金满足在一定范围内时，3PL企业融资服务模式可以使3PL企业和零售商获得帕累托改善，但不能直接协调资金约束供应链；当3PL企业和零售商签订的转移支付契约满足一定条件时，供应链可以实现整体协调。     

对赌协议该签吗? 企业股权融资的运营分析

股权融资是成长型企业捕获成长机会、获得跨越式发展的重要手段,然而在股权融资过程中是否应该签订对赌协议这一问题长期困扰着企业家．以企业价值创造与供需匹配的运营视角研究了零售商与私募股权投资机构(PE)之间的对赌问题,分别基于零售商风险规避和模糊规避两种决策行为构建了有无对赌协议的效用模型,刻画并对比了对赌对两种行为零售商的决策、效用等多方面的影响．研究发现,尽管风险规避行为下零售商的决策更为保守,但两种行为都存在“对赌协议签订区间”使得对赌协议有助于提升投融资双方的运作效用．特别地,企业成长性是签订对赌协议的关键因素,当企业成长性较高时应该签订对赌协议,若成长性不足,则应考虑企业估值和运营的利润率情况,从而决定是否签订对赌协议．     

零售商提前支付与贷款担保下的供应商融资策略

在供应商面临资金约束的供应链中,通过零售商提前订购部分产品并支付货款的内部预订融资模式,与零售商为供应商提供担保向银行借款的外部信贷融资模式,可以缓解供应商的资金约束对零售商及供应链利润的影响,研究了两种模式下供应商和零售商的最优生产决策和融资决策,并分析了供应商的自有资金、零售商的资金成本、银行利率三种因素对于供应链融资绩效的影响。结果表明:两种融资模式要实现无资金约束下的最优生产量,都需要供应商拥有一定的初始资金,所需初始资金量的多少与各自的融资成本有关。所得的结论为供应链企业选择合适的融资方式和最优生产决策提供指导。最后通过数值分析对结论进行了验证。     

考虑风险规避的资金约束供应链最优信用契约设计

本文针对零售商的资金约束问题，研究了风险规避的供应商如何通过设计信用契约影响零售商的融资结构。构建了包含供应商、零售商以及银行在内的供应链融资模型，给出了供应商的最优信用契约决策、零售商的最优库存决策以及银行的最优利率决策。进一步分析了供应商的风险规避程度对最优信用契约决策的影响。研究表明：当供应商的风险规避程度低于某个临界值时，供应商偏好提供全额信用，从而零售商的融资结构为单一的交易信用融资；而当供应商的风险规避程度高于该临界值时，供应商偏好提供部分信用，从而零售商的融资结构为组合融资。最后，通过数值算例验证了本文的结论。本研究一定程度上丰富了现有供应链金融的理论研究，为供应链核心企业与银行的决策提供了依据与参考。     

碳补贴与零售商竞争下供应链合作方式的微分博弈研究

存在政府低碳补贴时,本文考虑由一个制造商和两个相互竞争的零售商组成的低碳供应链在集中决策、零售商横向合作、供应链纵向合作和分散决策下的动态最优决策。本文通过构建微分博弈模型并运用动态优化的求解方法得到了不同合作方式下的反馈策略,并且在此基础上比较不同合作方式的结果,讨论了竞争对最优决策的影响。研究表明,集中决策下的零售价格与纵向联盟零售价格相同,均处于最低水平,零售商横向合作下的零售价最高。不同合作方式下的批发价格相同。政府最优补贴比率与竞争程度成负相关。纵向联盟能够实现帕累托改进,而零售商合作不一定为供应链带来额外收益。     

市场竞争下企业股权融资的供应链模型分析

股权融资是企业在市场竞争中抢占市场份额、实现跨越式发展的重要融资途径，企业融资决策的制定必须考虑产品市场上企业间的竞争行为.构建了双寡头零售商的股权融资模型，探讨零售商采取股权融资进行市场开拓时，市场竞争对其股权融资决策的作用机理.核心的发现是:零售商的股权融资应考虑不同成长性下市场竞争的直接和间接影响，市场竞争抑制(促进)了低成长性(高成长性)零售商的股权融资.供应商参与博弈后，零售商的融资策略取决于不同初始市场规模和成长性下的市场竞争与市场开拓之间的权衡.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.     

The Danish psychosocial work environment and symptoms of stress: the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence (SOC) on stress symptoms and on the association between perceived psychosocial work environment and stress symptoms. The sample includes 2053 Danish employees from 52 workplaces. Hierarchical regression models were applied for each measure of stress. The results strongly supported the presence of a main effect for SOC. People with high levels of SOC experienced fewer stress symptoms. A mediating effect of SOC was also supported. Thus, SOC in part explained the association between work environment and stress symptoms. In addition, some support for a moderating effect of SOC was found, suggesting that people with higher SOC coped more efficiently with work environmental strain that people with lower SOC. Taken together the regression models explained 11-32% of the variance in stress symptoms. The results suggest that measures of individual factors such as SOC should be included in analyses of the effects of work environmental factors on stress and well-being.     

Control at work: a generalized resource factor for the prevention of musculoskeletal symptoms?

During the last two decades two potent groups of predictors for work-related musculoskeletal problems have been identified: physical work load and poor psychosocial working conditions. However, little is known about their combined effects. In this study the buffering effect of control at work with respect to the negative effects of psychological demands and physical work load on musculoskeletal problems is examined. All study variables were sampled from 431 people working in geriatric nursing homes in Germany by means of questionnaires. Main effects and interactions were tested with multiple regression analysis. The results showed that control buffered the effects of high psychological demands, but not of high physical work load; the buffering effect of control was observed only when physical work load was low. The combined effects of demands and physical work load were over-additive. Thus, the power of different predictors for musculoskeletal symptoms depended on the level of other predictors. This suggests that the efficiency of certain strategies for the prevention of musculoskeletal problems is likely to depend on the level of risk factors, with different strategies being appropriate for different levels of risk.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Comparison of Chemical Screening and Ranking Approaches: The Waste Minimization Prioritization Tool versus Toxic Equivalency Potentials

Chemical screening in the United States is often conducted using scoring and ranking methodologies. Linked models accounting for chemical fate, exposure, and toxicological effects are generally preferred in Europe and in product Life Cycle Assessment. For the first time, a comparison is presented in this article of two of the prominent, but structurally different methodologies adopted to help screen and rank chemicals and chemical emissions data. Results for 250 chemicals are presented, with a focus on 12 chemicals of interest in the United Nations Environment Programme's Persistent Organic Pollutants global treaty negotiations. These results help to illustrate the significance of described structural differences and to assess the correlation between the methodologies. The scope of the comparison was restricted here to human health, although the insights would be equally useful in the context of the health of ecosystems. Illustrating the current types of chemical screening and emissions comparison approaches, the relative significance of the scenario and structural differences of the Waste Minimization Prioritization Tool (WMPT) and the Toxic Equivalency Potential (TEP) methodologies are analyzed. The WMPT facilitates comparison in terms of key physical-chemical properties. Measures for Persistence, Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity (PBT) are calculated. Each PBT measure is scored and then these scores are added to provide a single measure of relative concern. TEPs account for chemical fate, multipathway exposure, and toxicity using a model-based approach. This model structure is sometimes considered to provide a less subjective representation of environmental mechanisms, and, hence, an improved basis for screening. Nevertheless, a strong relationship exists between the two approaches and both have their limitations.