CEO权力强度、信息披露质量与公司业绩的波动性——基于深交所上市公司的实证研究

公司治理机制的效度不仅应该体现在提高公司业绩水平上,更应该体现在稳定公司业绩风险的作用上.本文选取2004-2008年深交所上市的374家上市公司为研究样本.以公司业绩的波动性分析为切入点,分析CEO权力强度、信息披露质量对公司横向和纵向业绩波动性的影响.研究发现:(1)CEO权力强度越大,公司的经营业绩越高但公司经营业绩的风险也越大,表明赋予CEO更多的决策权力是一把"双刃剑";(2)信息披露质量的提高能有效降低公司业绩的波动性,并且信息披露质量越高,越能有效降低CEO权力强度加大的经营风险;(3)通过对不同股权性质企业的分析,发现国有企业CEO的权力强度对公司业绩波动性的影响显著地高于非国有企业CEO权力强度对公司业绩波动性的影响.信息披露质量对于CEO权力强度下公司经营风险的抑制效应在国有企业表现得更为明显.     

为什么中国企业难以国内跨地区经营?

国内跨地区经营有助于企业充分利用各地区的市场机会和异质性资源,是企业实现可持续成长的重要战略选择。虽然庞大的国内市场为跨地区经营提供了良好的外部条件,但中国企业在国内跨地区经营方面却表现较差。有鉴于此,本研究致力于揭示企业国内跨地区经营面临的制度性障碍,以进一步促进企业国内跨地区经营。通过理论分析和基于中国证券企业数据的实证检验发现,目标市场的制度环境对企业跨地区经营战略有正向影响,目标市场和企业所在地之间的制度距离以及目标市场的市场分割程度对跨地区经营战略有显著的负向影响,说明地区制度环境差、地区之间的制度距离大和市场分割严重是企业国内跨地区经营面临的重要障碍。从影响强度来看,制度距离的负向影响最强,地理距离的负向影响次之,市场分割的负面影响最弱,制度环境的绝对影响强度处于地理距离和市场分割之间。本研究还发现上述因素对跨地区经营战略的影响强度与企业跨地区经营经验和目标市场规模有关,企业跨地区经营经验越丰富、目标市场规模越大,制度环境对跨地区经营战略的正向影响越强,制度距离和市场分割对跨地区经营战略的负向影响越弱。本研究揭示了企业国内跨地区经营面临的制度性障碍,并比较了不同制度因素影响强度的大小,不仅对企业评估各地区经营环境、科学合理地制定跨地区经营战略,而且对政府进一步促进企业国内跨地区经营有重要启示。     

锦标赛制度与基金风险调整:理论拓展与经验证据

从理论与实证角度分析了CEO开放性特征对战略惯性及组织绩效的作用机制,得到以下研究结论:第一,CEO开放性程度越高,组织越倾向于采取适应环境的动态资源配置战略,从而组织的战略惯性程度越低;第二,CEO的股权拥有程度和自主权高低程度对其开放性程度与组织惯性之间关系起到显著调节作用,即CEO持股水平越高则开放性CEO维持组织战略现状的动机越强,而CEO所拥有的管理自主权越高则越倾向于去打破组织的战略现状;第三,组织制度环境对CEO开放性程度与战略惯性之间关系同样起到显著的调节作用,在国企任职的CEO相对于家族企业任职的CEO而言,其开放性程度对组织惯性的负向影响程度更小;第四,相比于线性关系,倒U型假设更有助于解释战略惯性与组织绩效之间的关系。     

CEO开放性特征、战略惯性和组织绩效①--基于中国上市公司的实证分析

从理论与实证角度分析了CEO开放性特征对战略惯性及组织绩效的作用机制,得到以下研究结论：第一,CEO开放性程度越高,组织越倾向于采取适应环境的动态资源配置战略,从而组织的战略惯性程度越低;第二,CEO的股权拥有程度和自主权高低程度对其开放性程度与组织惯性之间关系起到显著调节作用,即CEO持股水平越高则开放性CEO维持组织战略现状的动机越强,而 CEO所拥有的管理自主权越高则越倾向于去打破组织的战略现状;第三,组织制度环境对CEO开放性程度与战略惯性之间关系同样起到显著的调节作用,在国企任职的CEO相对于家族企业任职的CEO而言,其开放性程度对组织惯性的负向影响程度更小;第四,相比于线性关系,倒U型假设更有助于解释战略惯性与组织绩效之间的关系。     

动态环境下CEO的精神型领导行为对企业创新绩效的影响研究

精神性的觉醒和焕发往往带来创新绩效的突破,但其动力机制尚待探索。为此,以企业精神性因素、组织创新成分理论和创新交互理论为依托,探讨企业创新绩效的精神性动力机制及其边界条件。通过对363份有效问卷数据进行统计分析,发现CEO的精神型领导行为对公司企业家精神和企业创新绩效具有显著正向影响;公司企业家精神对企业创新绩效具有显著正向影响,并在CEO的精神型领导行为和企业创新绩效之间起到部分中介作用;动态环境不仅调节了CEO的精神型领导行为对企业创新绩效的直接影响,而且调节了公司企业家精神在CEO的精神型领导行为和企业创新绩效之间的中介效应,这种直接影响和中介效应随着动态环境的增强而增强。     

环境因素、CEO过度自信与IT投资绩效

CEO的影响很早就出现在IT绩效文献中,然而先前的研究并没有回答,什么样的CEO,在什么样的环境中对IT投资绩效更为有利。以我国2007~2013年全部上市公司为样本,基于高阶梯队理论,构建一个整合的CIPE模型来解释CEO过度自信对IT投资与公司绩效之间关系的影响,以及CEO过度自信对IT投资与公司绩效之间关系的调节效应如何受环境因素的影响。实证研究表明,CEO过度自信对IT投资与公司绩效之间的关系具有显著的正向调节效应,特别是在高信息强度、高技术波动和高竞争强度的环境中,CEO过度自信对IT投资与公司绩效之间关系的调节效应更为积极;但CEO过度自信对IT投资与公司绩效之间关系的有利影响同样存在边界,在低信息强度的环境或是低技术波动的环境中,这种有利影响变得消极。本文拓展了当前的IT绩效文献和过度自信文献。     

制度环境多样性、跨地区经营经验与服务企业产品市场绩效——来自中国证券业的经验证据

企业在跨地区经营时不可避免地要面对各地区多样化的制度环境,不同地区的制度环境对企业提出的要求不同,甚至是相互矛盾的.因此,如何适应多样化的制度环境是企业跨地区经营面临的重大挑战.本文提出了制度环境多样性这一概念,并进一步基于制度理论探讨制度环境多样性和跨地区经营经验对服务企业产品市场绩效的影响.通过理论分析和基于中国证券企业数据的实证检验发现:(1)制度环境多样性与企业产品市场绩效呈倒U形关系,说明制度环境多样性水平过低或过高均不利于提高产品市场绩效;(2)跨地区经营经验对产品市场绩效有正向影响;(3)跨地区经营经验对制度环境多样性与产品市场绩效的关系有调节作用:跨地区经营经验越丰富,制度环境多样性对产品市场绩效的影响越小.本研究首次从理论和实证上探讨了制度环境多样性和跨地区经营经验对企业产品市场绩效的影响,研究结论对服务企业跨地区经营决策有重要启示.     

管制放松后的企业竞争行动、竞争对手分类与销售绩效

基于亚洲14个国家(地区)电信企业的二手数据,本文检验了企业竞争行动与销售绩效之间的主效应,以及组内竞争和组间竞争对上述主效应的调节作用。研究发现,企业竞争行动密集性、异质性与销售绩效正相关,企业竞争行动简单性与销售绩效负相关;市场竞争(包括组内竞争与组间竞争)对企业竞争行动密集性、异质性与销售绩效之间的关系存在负向调节,对企业竞争行动简单性与销售绩效之间关系存在正向调节。从3个战略群组的对比看,在企业成员规模越小的战略群组中,组内竞争对企业竞争行动与销售绩效之间关系的调节效应越强;在企业成员规模越大的战略群组中,组间竞争对企业竞争行动与销售绩效之间关系的调节效应越强。上述结论表明,组内竞争对小企业最为不利,组间竞争对大企业最为不利。     

CEO和CFO任期交错是否可以降低盈余管理?

本文以沪深证券市场2002～2010年A股上市公司为研究样本,检验了CEO和CFO任期交错对公司盈余管理的影响。实证检验的结果表明:CEO与CFO任期交错能够降低公司的盈余管理水平;两者任期错开的时间越长,该影响越大。同时,CEO和CFO任期交错只对公司正向盈余管理有影响,而对负向盈余管理的影响并不显著。上述结果并不受CEO任职时间早于还是晚于CFO的影响。进一步地,在区分CEO权力和公司产权性质的情况下,我们发现,CEO的权力影响了CEO和CFO任期交错对降低公司盈余管理水平的积极作用:当CEO权力较大时,两者任期交错对公司正向盈余管理的影响程度有所降低;同时,与国有控股企业相比,在非国有控股企业中任期交错对盈余管理的影响更为显著。本文的研究发现丰富了高层梯队理论、盈余管理等相关领域的文献;同时,对于如何降低公司盈余管理水平、以及CEO与CFO任命等人力资源管理决策也具有重要启示意义。     

制度环境、股权性质与高管变更研究

内部治理机制往往需要与外部治理环境相匹配,中国的分权化改革引发了不同地区间市场化程度的巨大差异,这对不同地区间的公司治理效果产生重大影响.从新制度经济学理论和公司治理理论的角度出发,借鉴国际制度比较研究模式,以中国经济转轨、制度变迁时期各地区制度建设的不平衡为基础,分析外部制度对公司治理(即业绩与高管变更关系)的影响,并进一步探讨不同股权性质的企业其制度环境对公司治理效果影响的差异.通过统计检验发现,公司业绩与高管变更之间的关系是负相关,制度环境好,高管变更与公司业绩之间的负相关关系更强;与公司为国有股股东相比,第一大股东为非国有股股东的公司中,制度环境越好,业绩与高管变更之间的负相关关系越强. 异,这对不同地区间的公司治理效果产生重大影响.从新制度经济学理论和公司治理理论的角度出发,借鉴国际制度比较研究模式,以中国经济转轨、制度变迁时期各地区制度建设的不平衡为基础,分析外部制度对公司治理(即业绩与高管变更关系)的影响,并进一步探讨不同股权性质的企业其制度环境对公司治理效果影响的差异.通过统计检验发现,公司业绩与高管变更之间的关系是负相关,制度环境好,高管变更与公司业绩之间的负相关关系更强;与公司为国有股股东 比,第一大股东为非国有股股东的公司中,制度环境越好,业绩与高管变更之间的负相关关系越强.     

Comments on globalization, interdisciplinary research, myopia and parochialism, government, convergence, and culture

Globalization presents social scientists with a wide variety of issues and challenges that cut across disciplinary boundaries. Disciplinary boundaries encourage specialization and advances in understanding aspects of social behavior, but specialization also creates barriers to more comprehensive understanding of social behavior such as globalization. Successful interdisciplinary efforts entail gains from trade across disciplinary specializations. The papers in this volume help outline an agenda for interdisciplinary investigation of globalization to knock down disciplinary boundaries and encourage gains from trade that further our understanding of globalization. But much work remains before we see real fruits from such efforts.     

Complexity,simplicity, simplexity

“In the midst of order, there is chaos; but in the midst of chaos, there is order”, John Gribbin wrote in his book Deep Simplicity (p. 76). In this dialectical spirit, we discuss the generative tension between complexity and simplicity in the theory and practice of management and organization. Complexity theory suggests that the relationship between complex environments and complex organizations advanced by the well-known Ashby’s law, may be reconsidered: only simple organization provides enough space for individual agency to match environmental turbulence in the form of complex organizational responses. We suggest that complex organizing may be paradoxically facilitated by a simple infrastructure, and that the theory of organizations may be viewed as resulting from the dialectical interplay between simplicity and complexity.     

Bacon, Boole, the EPA, and Scientific Standards

The scientific standards of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) include the use of retrospective meta-analysis. This analysis entails a use of the theory of probability that is only a simulation and cannot accurately measure the confidence that should be placed in the results. The uncertainty necessary for probability is, in a retrospective study, simulated rather than real. There are three logical forms for establishing a proposition. In the logic of the syllogism, a proposition is established by deduction from assumed propositions. In the logic of the physical sciences, a proposition is established by its ability to predict the outcomes of future experiments. In the logic of the courtroom, a proposition is established by its ability to explain past events. The logic of the courtroom operates under the handicap of working with nonrepeatable events. It is more subject to the preferences of the judge than the logic of the physical sciences or that of the syllogism. Because the logic of the courtroom is less reliable than either the logic of the physical sciences or that of the syllogism, it is the logic of last resort, i.e., it is used only when the other two are not applicable. Under the EPA scientific standards, the logic of the courtroom is accepted for establishing propositions about the physical world. As the logic of the courtroom is less reliable than that of the physical sciences, this practice increases the likelihood of errors.     

GMM,GEL, Serial Correlation,and Asymptotic Bias

For stationary time series models with serial correlation, we consider generalized method of moments (GMM) estimators that use heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation consistent (HAC) positive definite weight matrices and generalized empirical likelihood (GEL) estimators based on smoothed moment conditions. Following the analysis of Newey and Smith (2004) for independent observations, we derive second order asymptotic biases of these estimators. The inspection of bias expressions reveals that the use of smoothed GEL, in contrast to GMM, removes the bias component associated with the correlation between the moment function and its derivative, while the bias component associated with third moments depends on the employed kernel function. We also analyze the case of no serial correlation, and find that the seemingly unnecessary smoothing and HAC estimation can reduce the bias for some of the estimators.     

Trust,Emotion, Sex,Politics, and Science: Surveying the Risk-Assessment Battlefield

Risk management has become increasingly politicized and contentious. Polarized views, controversy, and conflict have become pervasive. Research has begun to provide a new perspective on this problem by demonstrating the complexity of the concept risk and the inadequacies of the traditional view of risk assessment as a purely scientific enterprise. This paper argues that danger is real, but risk is socially constructed. Risk assessment is inherently subjective and represents a blending of science and judgment with important psychological, social, cultural, and political factors. In addition, our social and democratic institutions, remarkable as they are in many respects, breed distrust in the risk arena. Whoever controls the definition of risk controls the rational solution to the problem at hand. If risk is defined one way, then one option will rise to the top as the most cost-effective or the safest or the best. If it is defined another way, perhaps incorporating qualitative characteristics and other contextual factors, one will likely get a different ordering of action solutions. Defining risk is thus an exercise in power. Scientific literacy and public education are important, but they are not central to risk controversies. The public is not irrational. Their judgments about risk are influenced by emotion and affect in a way that is both simple and sophisticated. The same holds true for scientists. Public views are also influenced by worldviews, ideologies, and values; so are scientists' views, particularly when they are working at the limits of their expertise. The limitations of risk science, the importance and difficulty of maintaining trust, and the complex, sociopolitical nature of risk point to the need for a new approach—one that focuses upon introducing more public participation into both risk assessment and risk decision making in order to make the decision process more democratic, improve the relevance and quality of technical analysis, and increase the legitimacy and public acceptance of the resulting decisions.     

Trust, confidence, procedural fairness, outcome fairness, moral conviction, and the acceptance of GM field experiments

In 2005, Swiss citizens endorsed a moratorium on gene technology, resulting in the prohibition of the commercial cultivation of genetically modified crops and the growth of genetically modified animals until 2013. However, scientific research was not affected by this moratorium, and in 2008, GMO field experiments were conducted that allowed us to examine the factors that influence their acceptance by the public. In this study, trust and confidence items were analyzed using principal component analysis. The analysis revealed the following three factors: "economy/health and environment" (value similarity based trust), "trust and honesty of industry and scientists" (value similarity based trust), and "competence" (confidence). The results of a regression analysis showed that all the three factors significantly influenced the acceptance of GM field experiments. Furthermore, risk communication scholars have suggested that fairness also plays an important role in the acceptance of environmental hazards. We, therefore, included measures for outcome fairness and procedural fairness in our model. However, the impact of fairness may be moderated by moral conviction. That is, fairness may be significant for people for whom GMO is not an important issue, but not for people for whom GMO is an important issue. The regression analysis showed that, in addition to the trust and confidence factors, moral conviction, outcome fairness, and procedural fairness were significant predictors. The results suggest that the influence of procedural fairness is even stronger for persons having high moral convictions compared with persons having low moral convictions.     

Flexibility, Hierarchy, Markets

The conclusion that organizations need to become more strategically flexible as a response to increasing environmental dynamism and uncertainty has been an important feature of recent contingency theories of organization design. In this literature organizations have been analysed from the perspective of the development of networks of organizations concentrating on their core competencies and contracting among themselves on a stable long-term basis. This model of inter-firm relationships provides an alternative mode of organizational structuring to that arising from vertical integration, which, by contrast, is seen as fostering strategic inflexibility. In the literature on corporate restructuring and changes in ownership form arising from the markets and hierarchies perspective, we see a similar emphasis on the dysfunctional consequences of large-scale bureaucratic organization. Changes in ownership form are seen as a major means of providing more effective managerial control. In this paper we argue that linking the literature on flexibility emanating from contingency theories of organizational design and the markets and hierarchies perspective provides important new insights into current and emerging forms of organization.     

COMMUNICATION,COORDINATION, AND NETWORKS

We study experimentally the role of the network structure of pre‐play communication in determination of outcome and behavior in a multiplayer coordination game with conflicting preferences. We explore the trade‐off between the efficiency and equity of coordination outcomes and its link to the network structure of communication. Our results show substantial variations in both efficiency and equity of coordination outcomes across networks. While, as expected, increasing the length of communication improves the chance of successful coordination, it also reduces the asymmetry in the distribution of coordinated outcomes. We identify behaviors that explain variations in the distribution of coordinated outcomes both within and across networks. In all treatments, coordination is mostly explained by convergence in communication.     

ATTITUDES,POLICIES, AND WORK

We study whether cultural attitudes towards gender, the young, and leisure are significant determinants of the employment rates of women and of the young, and of hours worked. We do this controlling for policies, institutions and other structural characteristics of the economy which may influence labor market outcomes. We identify the effect of culture exploiting the evolution over time within country, as well as across countries, of cultural attitudes. We also address the endogeneity of attitudes, policies, and institutions, and allow for the persistent nature of labor market outcomes. We find that culture matters for women's employment rates and for hours worked. However, policies, in particular employment protection legislation and taxes, are also important and their quantitative impact substantial.