世界老龄化国家和地区养老机构规划的经验--以英国、日本和我国香港地区为例

人口老龄化是一项全球性的社会议题。为了应对人口老龄化的挑战和满足老年人的养老需求,许多国家和地区出台相关的社会政策,规划养老服务及机构的发展,以期未雨绸缪,妥善解决养老问题。本文以英国、日本和我国香港地区为例,探讨它们的养老政策和规划养老服务及机构发展的经验,以期作为我国面对老龄社会养老需要,进行养老机构和养老照顾体系规划的借鉴。     

“生活型”政策视阈下的医养结合养老服务研究

中国已进入老龄化社会,医疗和养老成为老年人两大需求。医养结合养老服务作为社会福利政策,在应对人口老龄化,回应老年人健康养老需求方面起到了积极作用。与此同时,也面临一些困境。本文从"生活型"社会政策视角就当前医养结合养老服务中出现的困境进行分析,并就构建"生活型"医养结合养老服务政策提出建议。     

重庆：五位一体 统筹城乡

重庆市全面落实科学发展观,始终坚持养老服务体系建设与全市经济、社会协调并进,初步形成了以＂居家养老为基础,社区服务为依托,机构养老为补充＂的养老服务体系,为应对全市人口老龄化的挑战,满足老年群体的福利服务要求，维护重庆社会的稳定和谐，发挥了积极作用。     

中国人口老龄化存在的问题及应对策略

中国人口老龄化已经进入快速发展阶段,但是面对人口老龄化的挑战,中国仍然缺乏应对人口老龄化的国家战略,政策体系和社会保障、社会服务等制度安排仍然存在诸多不足。本文建议全社会统一思想,共同行动,从大处(战略高度)着眼,从小处(具体制度安排)着手,尽快制定应对人口老龄化的国家战略,逐步形成多层次的老龄政策体系,以实现"老有所养"、"老有所为"为重点,继续完善社会保障体系,建立社会化养老服务支持体系,积极开发利用老年人力资源。     

加快推进社会养老服务体系建设

推进社会养老服务体系建设重要而迫切首先,推进社会养老服务体系建设,是落实中央重大决策部署的迫切需要。党的十七大确立了＂老有所养＂的战略目标。十七届五中全会提出了＂积极应对人口老龄化,注重发挥家庭和社区功能,优先发展社会养老服务＂的方针。     

参保补贴:扩大社会养老覆盖面的重要途径

我国人口老龄化呈叠加速度发展,老年人口规模庞大,参保人口比重增长低于退休人口,基金积累的长期趋势极不乐观,社会养老基金严重短缺,按照现行养老制度很难走出困境.解决社会养老基金短缺的出路在于从全局出发,采取正确政策,改变传统筹资模式,建立参保补贴制度,提高社会养老制度公信力和吸引力,有效扩大社会养老参保覆盖面,充分发挥大数法则的作用,改变"抱着金饭碗要饭吃"的局面,充分利用人口红利机遇期,快速扩大社会养老基金积累规模,奠定应对人口老龄化高峰的物质基础.     

日本人口减少及老龄化对综合国力的影响——兼论日本的人口政策及效果

一个国家为了保持一定的综合国力,必须维持适度的人口规模。日本人口急剧减少及人口老龄化,不仅使人口结构发生变化,而且严重影响社会经济的可持续发展,削弱综合国力。日本人口减少从经济价值、国际影响力、可持续发展、国家安全与国内政局、国民生活水平、国家发展模式等六个方面影响综合国力。为了应对人口减少及超老龄化,维持综合国力,日本不得不同时推进三种不同的政策,即防止人口减少政策、适应老龄社会政策以及适应人口减少社会政策。     

民政部：着力加快建立健全社会养老服务体系

＂十二五＂时期,中国的经济社会发展站在了新的历史起点上。中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划的建议指出：＂积极应对人口老龄化,注重发挥家庭和社区功能,优先发展社会养老服务,培育壮大老龄服务事业和产业＂。     

公共政策视角下的中国人口老龄化(英文)

人口老龄化将成为中国社会的常态,它所带来的挑战更多地源于老化的人口年龄结构与现有社会经济体制之间的不协调所产生的矛盾,这使公共政策调节成为必须。本文认为,仅仅调节人口政策、仅仅调节针对老年人的政策或某一部门的政策都不足以全面应对人口老龄化,而应当以社会整合和长期发展的视角来重构当前的公共政策体系。在重构过程中,不仅要统筹人口系统与其他社会系统的关系,而且要统筹短期目标与中长期战略的联系。因此,应建立一个权威的常态统筹机构,并结合中国的国情,重新定位老年人的社会角色、解决老年人养老的现实问题、支持老龄化社会的可持续发展。     

人口老龄化及其对城市养老保障发展的影响——以城市养老保障为研究对象

人口老龄化是关系到社会生产和经济发展的重大问题之一,也关联着社会的各个单细胞——家庭模式和伦理文化体系发生新的变化。我国老年人口的绝对量和人口老龄化的速度在世界居前位。人口老龄化将带来一系列社会问题,健全和发展社会养老保障是保证社会安宁和解决老有所养的重要举措。本文主要从分析人口老龄的特点及发展趋势的这一角度切入,针对这个制度本身在运行过程中出现诸多的问题,对完善中国城市养老保障提出几点建议。     

人口老龄化对中国经济的长期影响

生育率迅速下降和预期寿命的延长使中国人口正在经历快速的老龄化。本文试图对中国人口老龄化的长期经济影响做出分析,依次讨论人口老龄化对劳动力供需关系和就业率、国内消费需求、社会保障体制和公共财政、人口城乡迁移和城市化、中国经济在国际市场的比较优势和产业结构变迁的可能影响。在此基础上,作者提出逐步放宽生育控制政策、把人口政策的重点放到提高人口素质上、推迟法定退休年龄和深化对城乡社会保障体制的改革,提高社会保障的公平性和效率等政策建议。     

Generational equity and the reformulation of retirement

Starting from an examination of the essential components of the long-established contract between the generations, the analysis moves on to examine public policy responses to the aging of populations. Observing an international inclination to panic at the growth of old age and to restrict expenditure on services to older people, the article addresses practical questions of political economy within the generational contract. On the one hand, cuts to pensions and services are seen not to be economically inevitable. On the other, it is argued that modern retirement breaches the compact between the generations and will need to be reformulated, enabling more people to earn income well beyond current retirement ages.     

Australia's retirement income revolution: a Finnish system "down-under"

Most advanced industrial societies are confronting serious economic recession, and governments are seeking ways to stimulate economic growth and reduce government expenditure. For many countries these problems are compounded by aging populations and demographic changes. There are fewer people in the workforce, and more people in older age groups live longer and have increased expectations for retirement lifestyles. The result has been that many governments are radically transforming their systems of retirement income provision, often causing political, economic and social upheaval and widespread public anxiety. Australia is one country in which there have been huge changes in the retirement income system in the past 5 years. The system has been substantially privatized, and future retirement income will come from statutorily enforced earnings-related individual savings accumulated in decentralized private funds. Australia's new retirement income regime bears extraordinary similarities to the Finnish system of employment-related pensions, yet there was no reference to the Finnish system in the evolution of the new Australian system. There are lessons for Australia and for other countries in the long and successful operation of the Finnish pension system. This article first examines Australia's retirement income system, recent government policy changes and likely implications of these retirement policy changes for the future of Australia's traditional welfare state. Cross-national comparisons of the retirement income regimes in Finland and Australia, identifying international best practice in each country, comprise the second half of the article. Such comparisons will be of interest to policy-makers seeking new policy directions.     

人口老龄化趋势下我国农村独生子女家庭养老困境及破解

农村独生子女家庭是一个特殊的社会群体,他们为中国的计划生育做出了重大贡献。但是,这一群体目前日益步入老龄化,他们的养老面临一系列困境,如:独生子女家庭养老的经济负担普遍较重,附加于计划生育政策上的政策性保障有限,养老风险较大,家庭养老功能弱化,社会养老功能不健全等等。为此,建议设立农村独生子女家庭养老专项基金,以减轻独生子女养老的经济负担;独生子女父母要加强自我养老意识,为自我养老创造条件;加大社会养老机构建设力度,应对未来不断增多的独生子女家庭养老挑战;发展壮大集体经济,建立健全社区养老服务体系,使其逐渐成为家庭养老的可替代性选择等。     

Long-term Care in China: Issues and Prospects

One of the major socioeconomic challenges China faces is the rapid aging of its population. China is now an aging society, even though it is still regarded as a middle-income economy. Coupled with the market-driven reform of social services and rapid erosion of family support, the provision of affordable and accessible social care services to older people has already become an urgent issue for the government to address. Looking into the future, the formulation of a sustainable position on long-term care (LTC) will increasingly become the major focus of social policy. This article sets out the background to the demographic shifts resulting in the emerging need for LTC in China. It analyzes the issues facing LTC services and reviews their prospects, including the structure, operation, financing, and interfacing of residential and community-based home care services.     

家庭结构变迁对养老模式的影响

随着市场经济体制改革的不断深入,计划生育政策的持续推进,传统的家庭结构发生了很大变化,人口老龄化日趋明显,家庭养老的压力越来越大,这迫切要求为养老寻求一种新的途径。因此,从我国当前实际出发,应当将家庭养老、社会养老和社区养老结合起来,形成多层次、多样化的养老保障体系,这是我国养老模式转型的现实选择。     

Generalized Population Aging in China: A National-Level Analysis Based on Provincial Simulations

The age structure of the Chinese population is entering a process of generalized aging in which the major age groupings will see a fall in the ratio of younger age groups and a rise in the ratio of older age groups, with varying levels of socioeconomic significance for the entire population system. The implementation of the unconditional two-child policy (quanmian erhai zhengce) has not changed this general trend. The early stage of population aging (2011-2060) is one of the high-speed development of generalized aging with multiple growth peaks and fluctuations in the size, growth rate and internal structure of the major age groupings. From the perspective of generalized population aging, China’s future contains four major systemic demographic dividends and faces four major systemic demographic risks. The early stage of aging is the most important period for the transformation of the population age structure. If society can adjust to the aging trend and the phased nature of the development of this trend, it will be able to seize the initiative in long-term development.     

Denmark: Universal or Not So Universal Welfare State

This article questions whether or not Denmark is still a universal welfare state. It does so by first offering a comparative‐based analysis of the Nordic countries on central welfare state parameters. Second, the article utilizes a case‐based analysis in respect of three core areas of the Danish welfare state—pensions, unemployment and early retirement benefit—to assess the distinctiveness of the Danish model. The article concludes that, notwithstanding the Danish model is more mixed today than it used to be, it continues to be distinct in areas such as equality, full employment, a high level of spending on social security and an active labour market policy.     

论东北地区经济二元性的"异化"特征

文章采用定性分析和定量分析相结合的方法,以东北地区第一产业就业比重显著上升为切入点,从动态角度论证了我国目前经济发展结构的典型"二元经济"特征,分析了东北老工业基地经济结构与"二元经济"论和全国经济发展的"异化"趋势,认为劳动边际收益率的变化特征是异化的主要原因,并且认为东北经济的"异动"趋势不仅不会成为制约东北经济现代化的关键性障碍,反而将成为东北振兴的"驱动因素".