試論由物质到精神和由精神到物质的轉化

“一切哲学上,特別是近代哲学上最重大的根本問題,乃是思維对存在的关系问题”。这个思維与存在,或精神与物貭的关系問題,包含着两个方面的意义:第一方面是思维与存在何者是第一性的问题;第二方面是思維与存在的同一性问题。辯証唯物主义第一次正确地解决了这个根本问题,指出物貭是第一性的,精神是第二性的;物貭与精神是对立的,又是統一的,物貭在一定的条件下可以轉化为精神,精神在一定的条件下也可以轉化为物貭。物貭对精神的轉化和精神到物貭的轉化,都是在实践的基础上发生的,它们构成了统一的认識过程的两个阶段。由物貭到精神的轉化,卽实践到认識,这是认識发展过程的第一阶段;由精神到物貭的轉化,卽认識到实践,这是认識发展过程的第二阶段。物貭与精神互相轉化的规律就是物貭——精神——物貭,也就是实践——认識——实践。这种物质和精神的相互转化运动的无限发展,就是人类认識物貭世界的历史,就是人类改造物貭世界的历史。由物质到精神,由精神到物貭,这就是辯証唯物主义的认識論。与此相反,唯心主义只承认精神到物貭的轉化,而否认物貭到精神的轉化。一切唯心主义者由于顛倒物貭与精神的关系,因此,由精神变物貭,就变成是抽象的、神秘的,也是謊谬的。机械唯     

从思维的本质属性看由精神到物质的基本准则

从思维的本质属性看由精神到物质的基本准则季国清，樊树纯精神的外延十分广泛。思维仅是其一个子集，但却是一个研究最多．可以部分地由黑箱法进行形式模拟的一个子集。因此，研究由精神到物质应先从思维入手。本文以自然科学的公理化方法，先定义有关思维的基本概念，再...     

养老服务实现转型：由救助到福利 由补缺到普惠

养老服务内容实现转型:由满足生存需要的救助型逐渐转向全方位的福利型.     

黑土地域文化建设与提高城市居民素质--黑土地域文化建设与提高城市居民文明素质的调查报告

黑土地域文化建设对于城市居民素质的提高有重要作用.其物质制约机制是塑造文明素质的基础;其动力机制是塑造文明素质的推进器;其价值导向机制是塑造文明素质的定位器;其制度整合机制是塑造文明素质的关键;其教育训练机制是塑造文明素质的重要举措.     

转型期公共行政模式的变迁--由管制行政到服务行政

从计划经济到市场经济的转型所带来的社会变革,对公共行政的理念、规则乃至职能的履行模式都产生了深刻影响。在世界范围内,公共行政的变革以及科学发展观的本质要求也在推动公共行政模式由管制行政走向服务行政。由管制行政向服务行政的转变,意味着要转变行政理念、扩大行政主体以及变革管理方式。在为管制行政向服务行政变迁提供制度以及组织保障的同时,也要警惕行政对民众权利的侵犯、政府对应有职责的放弃等服务行政“异化”现象的发生。     

高校领导干部要强化心理素质修养

高校领导干部要强化心理素质修养赵越超从事高等教育工作的领导干部，是教育工作成败的关键要素，是造就卓越人才的指挥员和战斗员。他们的道德素质、知识素质、能力素质、身体素质和心理素质状态如何，将直接影响到未来人才的开发与塑造，影响到国家的富强与民族的兴旺，...     

从现存到现代——广东妇女素质的变化与发展方向

随着改革开放的发展与市场经济的推进,妇女需要具备现代化的良好素质。妇女的现代化素质是一个综合的概念,它不止包括妇女的智力水平和文化水平等表层素质,而且涵盖思想观念更新、建康人格塑造等深层素质。 妇女素质的高低对其自身及其对整个社会的发展都有极大的影响。 一、素质发展的优与劣 在有着商品经济传统的广东,广大妇女对发展 市场经济,有较深的理解力却接受能力。大批锐意进 取的女改革者,在竞争激烈的经济主战场中奋力拼 搏.她们自强自立,敢为人先,展现出“半过天”的飒 爽英姿。广东妇女在发展市场经济的实践过程中,其 适应程度、能力支挥、素质变化等,都与内地妇女有 一定的差异,形成独特的素转优势。     

由农业社会到工业社会人事管理的理念与模式变化分析

目前,学界对人事管理理念与模式的横向分析较多,但缺乏纵向的对比研究。从农业社会到工业社会所发生的社会变革不仅表现在经济生产领域,而且在这一过程中,人事管理理念以及在这些理念指导下的人事管理模式也发生了深刻变革,表现在:在人事管理原则的层面,从人治向法治转变;在人事管理运行特征的层面,由非理性向理性转变;在人事管理职能的层面,由农业社会单纯地侧重选人、用人和治人发展成了由遴选、培训、薪酬管理、激励措施等多个部分组成的全方位的人事管理职能体系。     

浅谈"礼"影响下的薄来厚往

中国古代对外交往中的薄来厚往是独树一帜的对外交往方式。探究薄来厚往的历史原因,最根本的还在于意识形态方面。而儒家的礼的传统影响尤深。薄来厚往的根本原因是重礼轻利的思想、礼教统治重视舆论以及中国人的面子感扩大了薄来厚往的范围、对礼仪的重视表现在薄来厚往中,对礼仪的要求十分苛刻、古代中国的文化虽然在东亚有很大影响,但礼教统治并未在中国之外推广,薄来厚往也只局限在中国与诸中小国家之间。     

中国古典美学“厚”范畴审美风格论

"厚"是中国古典美学范畴集合中一个偏向于风格论的衍生范畴,它的形成与我国古代传统农耕文明、血缘宗法制度和母权文化潜留均有着深刻的渊源关系。"厚"作为一个反映风格形态的美学范畴,主要表现为一种对含蓄蕴藉、自然醇厚的艺术特征的推崇和追求,折射出华夏民族崇尚温婉柔美的审美倾向,是中国古典美学重要的审美传统之一。     

Global Topographies: The Spiritual, the Social and the Geographical in the Missionary Movement from the West

The modern missionary movement has contributed profoundly not only to changing the religious topography of this globe—approximately one-third of the world's population is Christian now—but also, often enough, it has changed the social topography as well. Missionary activity is still one of the major agents of global transformation in the twentieth century. This paper looks at some of the driving machines of transformation, namely the images, visions, and concepts of time, space and global social change that were produced within the missionary movement as part of its spiritual topography. Three motivational trends are identified, each of which represents a fundamentally different way of approaching non-western space and time and thus leads to different models of missionary social intervention: the emancipative-integrationist approach, the racist-imperialistic attitude, and the egalitarian-inversionist trend. The overall findings of this paper are, perhaps, more or less ambivalent: visions of human salvation and global social change, missionary or other, are historically powerful. Necessary as they are for the life of humankind, global visions ought to be handled with care. They need to be tested and discussed, particularly with those who are targeted.     

充分发挥社会科学在改革开放中的作用

中国社会科学的繁荣和发展,是与改革开放的命运紧紧联系在一起的。改革开放带来了中国社会科学的春天。30年来改革开放的每一个举措、进展和理论上的突破,都凝聚着社会科学工作者探索的心血。把改革开放30年的辉煌历史完整、准确地记载下来,是哲学社会科学工作者一个重要的职责。面向未来,社会科学要在进一步推进改革开放中发挥更大的作用。     

Changes in Life Satisfaction Among Participants of Adult Day Care and Their Informal Caregivers

This paper examines changes in life satisfaction among participants of Adult Day Care (ADC) in Manitoba, Canada, and their informal caregivers (where applicable). ADC participants (N = 112) and their informal caregivers (N = 34) were interviewed at two points in time. Data analyses reveal that, during attendance at the program, the life satisfaction of both the participant and the informal caregiver tend to improve. Attempts to predict which participants are most likely to improve, remain stable, or deteriorate in life satisfaction were largely unsuccessful. A smaller group of participants in Winnipeg programs were matched on age, sex, functional disability and illness with two control groups. Analyses reveal improvements in life satisfaction among ADC participants appear to be program effects.     

魏晋南北朝文武分途的基础性研究——几个概念的辨析

从文武官职的角度看,"军将"、"武臣"、"武将"在魏晋南北朝时期主要用来泛指军事行动中的各级统帅,多与地方行政官职构成文武之别,但"军将"一词北魏后内涵有所扩展,亦指中央与地方军队的统帅。"文官"与"武官"之称从东汉开始普及,主要用以区分中央官职。两汉存在"文吏"与"武吏"的对举,所指侧重地方的基层吏员集团。从文武群体的角度来看,汉代以后,从军队出身、以武功扬名者渐渐被视为一个群体,该群体常被称作"武士"、"武夫"、"武人"、"武将",他们多具有善战强悍、学识浅薄、不闲吏职等比较固定的特征。文人群体常被称为"文吏"、"儒生"、"文士"、"文人"、"学士",尽管诸词所指人群掌握的知识不尽相同,但它们都和武人群体相区别,强调其不长武事的特征。     

Social Exclusion, Inequality and Social Work

This paper sets out the environment of inequality in which social work and the poor have recently operated. It explores pragmatic and idealist arguments concerning whether or not the poor need social work. Finally, policy solutions developed in consultation with social service users and carers are suggested in relation to poverty and social exclusion. Social exclusion can be linked to relative poverty as exclusion from economic and social norms. However, there is a wider brief in our own government’s publications and those of Europe, of examining how people are excluded from actions and policies of agencies who are there to support them. This paper will retain the concepts of poverty as lack of material income, and inequality as the gap between the rich and the poor, while being aware of the policy implications for social service users and carers of the more comprehensive process of being shut out partially or fully from social, economic, political and cultural systems. The debates around social work, social exclusion and inequality that follow establish: that some of the poor do need social work; that the poverty of social service users is related to policies that have restructured welfare in Britain; that the reason for individuals approaching or being referred to social services are complex but are likely to include financial deprivation as a key contributory factor; that if the poor do need social work, advocacy is essential rather than social work being seen as concerned only with social control—taking children into care, mentally ill people into hospitals, and advising the DSS on the suitability of claimants for benefits. Finally, the discussion turns to new policy agendas on social exclusion instigated by the Labour government. What positive difference can such policies make for social service users, their carers and social workers?.     

重诂才子佳人小说的思想文化内蕴

与《红楼梦》等名作相比,才子佳人小说宣扬的婚恋理想更广泛深刻地影响了民族、民众心理,因而有必要重诂其思想文化内蕴。才子佳人小说将理想婚姻的缔结寄希望于人治社会的"法"———皇帝的圣旨———虽然靠不住,但我们却可以保留其"法"的基本内核,代之以法治社会的法。它宣扬婚姻中要以人为本,以情为本,通过赞美"才子""佳人"的"才"来抵挡金钱"财"对世人的异化,通过高扬"才子""佳人"的"情"、"情""理"合一来反拨晚明清初色情小说人本位中的专注于"欲"的不健康的极端倾向。尽管才子佳人小说也有一些瑕疵,但从总体上说,它的思想文化内蕴应予以肯定。     

Awareness of Resources for Visually Impaired Older Adults Among the Aging Network

Approximately 13% of the older adult population have severe near, intermediate and/or distance vision impairment. However, there is little recognition within the aging network that vision impairment among older adults can lead to isolation and excess disability. This article reports on a survey conducted by the Lighthouse National Center for Vision and Aging of the State Units on Aging (SUA) and Area Agencies on Aging (AAA) to assess their awareness of the vision rehabilitation network of services, their perceived need for more information on age-related vision loss and to identify specific projects known to or within the aging network addressing the needs of visually impaired older adults. Among the 298 respondent AAAs, 74% could identify at least one resource for visually impaired people, usually a segregated service offered exclusively to blind/visually impaired older adults. Eighty-three percent of the AAA respondents felt they needed to have more information on age-related vision impairment. The sparsity of programs within the aging network to address needs of visually impaired older persons is documented and discussed.     

哀敬两尽：从“君视大敛”看君臣、父子伦理的情感内涵

以君臣、父子为代表的政治伦理与亲属伦理及其内在的精神情感构成了中国社会结构、家国关系及政治秩序的深层根基。本文通过对《士丧礼》中“君视大敛”这一环节的描述分析，指出君臣之间以敬为主的情感内涵与父子之间以哀为主的情感内涵相互影响，交织在一起，而从根本上讲，这两种情感及其相互作用统一于儒家的仁义思想之中。通过对这两种伦理之情感内涵的讨论，文章进一步明晰了中国历史传统中家国关系的内在精神情感通路，即性情仁厚之人在家庭内部孝敬父母，才能在国家层面忠于君主，而国家层面的君臣关系也关照、影响着家庭内的父子关系。文章同时也为理解当下身处尊卑有等与亲疏有差两层关系中的中国人的内在情感状态、行动伦理以及在此结构中形成的社会人格提供了一种新的解释。     

Racial and Ethnic Diversity in Senior Centers: Comparing Participant Characteristics in More and Less Multicultural Settings

The 2008 Health Indicators Project surveyed a probability sample (N = 1,870) of New York City senior center participants. Attendees of racially and ethnically diverse and nondiverse senior centers were compared across 5 domains: demographics; health and quality of life; social support networks; neighborhood perceptions and engagement; health service access/utilization. Although homogeneous and diverse center participants demonstrate similar health and quality-of-life outcomes, those from diverse centers demonstrate greater risk of social isolation, receive less family support, and more likely seek medical care from hospitals or community clinics. Implications and future directions for research, practice and policy are discussed.     

Association Between Unemployment Duration and Depression in the SouthWest Region of Turkey: A Cross-Sectional Study

ABSTRACT

Unemployment has risen as an effect of globalization in the country of Turkey. To date, no studies have examined the association between the duration of unemployment and perceived mental health. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the association between the duration of unemployment and the incidenence of depression among citizens in the southwest region of Turkey. A questionnaire was developed and distributed to 908 unemployed individuals. The questionnaire gathered sociodemographic characteristics and employment-related circumstances. To measure mental health, a depression inventory was administered and group-wise t-tests and logistic regressions were conducted. The findings show that long-term unemployed persons had more episodes of depressive moods in the past 12 months when compared with the group of the short-term unemployed. In addition, depression levels were higher among the long-term unemployed compared with the short-term unemployed. It was estimated that the duration of unemployment and the measurement of depression had a positive correlation. Risk factors that increased depression in the short-term unemployed were gender (female), older age, and greater periods of unemployment. However, higher education, income, and having social insurance significantly decreased the risk of developing depression for both the short-term and the long-term unemployed. Future recommendations include supportive counseling to increase motivation levels and developing strategies to handle periods of unemployment.