基于累积前景理论和随机加权法的随机多准则决策方法

针对准则权重完全未知、准则值部分缺失的随机多准则决策问题,文章提出了一种基于累积前景理论和随机加权法的决策方法。该方法引入决策者的风险偏好态度,首先通过随机加权法模拟准则值的经验分布函数,根据分布函数计算前景值。然后由信息熵确定准则权重,并根据集结算子计算备选方案的综合前景值并排序。最后通过一个可靠性评估实例验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于相对熵的三参数区间值模糊集多属性决策方法

文章针对三参数区间值模糊集上已有决策方法的不足,引入信息论的相对熵,提出了一种新的决策方法。该方法通过定义三参数区间值模糊值间的相对熵,得到被评方案与理想方案的相对熵,据此给出一种新的贴近度进行方案排序。与已有方法相比该方法较好的保存了决策的信息,考虑了属性的权重,并提出了三参数区间值模糊值表述的语言集。最后实际算例表明了该方法的有效性和实用性。     

基于区间分析的随机DEA效率值的分布函数估计

文章基于区间分析方法,研究了当函数自变量的分布函数已知情况下估计因变量的分布函数,并将其应用于随机DEA模型。当投入和产出变量的分布函数已知时,通过算法估计得到随机DEA决策单元效率值的分布函数。算法中引入弹性分析,找出对效率值有决定性或者较大影响的变量,提高了计算效率,最终求得了呈分段线性的概率分布函数。     

基于直觉正态区间数的信息不完全的多准则群决策方法

对于准则值是直觉正态区间数,但是权重信息作为不完全的多准则群这方面的状况,文章定义了运算法则、折衷期望值以及直觉正态区间的有关问题,并对于直觉正态区间的混合加权平均算予以及有序加权平均算子展开了计算,提出一种将直觉正态区间数的不完全信息作为基础的决策方法.折衷方法是通过IN-INHA以及ININWAA算子集成的一种准则值,并通过折衷均方差原则,利用优化模型的建立,求解最优准则权重,通过期望方差准则对于有关方案进行确定.在实际过程中发现,这种方法的可行性是非常高的.     

基于记分函数的直觉模糊多属性群决策方法

针对属性权重未知且属性值为直觉模糊值,决策者给出方案直觉模糊值形式偏好信息的不确定多属性群决策问题,提出了一种基于模糊优选的群决策方法。首先在计算直觉模糊相似度的基础上通过非线性规划模型求解出属性权重。在明确直觉模糊多属性决策问题中直觉模糊集的定义基础上,提出了一种新的记分函数方法,进而得到各决策者决策矩阵的正、负理想方案。然后通过各决策者的模糊优选模型得到各方案的决策值,通过决策群体的模糊优选模型得到各方案的群体综合决策值。最后通过一个算例说明了方法的有效性。     

区间数序列处理方法新探

区间估计是专家评价中的一种重要方法,目前对给定为区间数的决策方法研究较多,而对区间数的处理大多基于均匀分布或正态分布。文章针对这种对区间数序列的分析和处理方法研究的不足,提出了一种新的基于β分布的处理方法。该方法通过用β分布对区间数序列分布进行拟合,从而解决了对区间数序列难以进行分析和处理这一难点,并通过案例验证了该方法。结果表明,该方法原理正确,简便可靠,在决策管理中具有广泛的应用前景和普适性。     

产品无失效概率的贝叶斯估计

对给定的一组泊松样本,在与信息论中的熵函数有关的一种对称损失函数下,用参数估计方法研究了产品无失效概率的贝叶斯估计与区间估计。在给定先验分布下得到了这两种估计的精确形式,并讨论了贝叶斯估计的可容许性,模拟结果表明文章得到的这两种估计都具有较高的精度。     

一种基于证据推理的混合型灰色多属性决策法

文章针对决策方案的属性值为区间灰数与确定的语言等级,并且属性权重完全已知的混合型灰色多属性决策问题,提出一种新的决策方法。该方法是决策者可根据自己的偏好给出定量属性值的白化值和定性属性值的信用结构,确定了等级信用结构决策矩阵;利用证据推理解析算法求出各方案在各等级的信任度;利用期望效用和区间数排序法对方案进行排序。实例说明了该方法的合理性及其算法的有效性。     

区间指标的排序评价方法及应用

 内容提要：区间指标在综合评价中有着现实的应用前景和较好的评价效果。本文在分析带分布的区间数比较问题的基础上,构建了区间指标的占优优势度指标,并设计了基于累计分布的区间指标排序方法。通过应用举例,该方法能体现区间指标排序的传递性,得到完整的排序结果。     

部分权重信息下考虑风险偏好的不确定多属性决策方法

通过引入风险偏好因子,文章借鉴DEA交叉评价思想,构建部分权重信息下考虑决策者风险偏好的不确定多属性决策方法.通过风险偏好因子的引入,将区间数决策信息映射为实数决策信息;假设各决策方案均具有“使自身评价值最大化”的特点,求得各自的最优评价值和权重向量;各决策方案按照系统内所有方案的最有利权重进行评价后,将平均交叉评价值作为决策基准.最后通过算例说明了方法的可行性和有效性.     

基于“奖优罚劣”线性变换算子的区间数多目标灰色局势决策方法

针对多目标决策值为区间数的规范化问题,提出一种具有奖优罚劣特性的[-1,1]线性变换算子,规范化处理原始决策信息,将其运用到目标权重确定,且属性值为区间数的多目标灰色局势决策中,给出了基于"奖优罚劣"算子的区间数多目标灰色局势决策方法,并以空舰导弹设计方案的选择作为应用案例,结果表明该方法操作方便、计算简单、易于实现,可以为一些具有区间值的不确定决策问题提供一种有效、科学、实用的方法。     

一种简单有效的二项分布比例参数似然比置信区间的求法

对二项分布比例参数p的似然比置信区间,提出一种简便求解方法。在平均覆盖率、平均区间长度及区间长度的95%置信区间准则下与WScore、Plus4、Jeffreys置信区间进行模拟比较。试验表明,在二项分布b(n,p)的参数n≥20且p∈(0.1,0.9)时,该方法获取的似然比置信区间性能优良。当点估计p值不是接近于0或1且n≥20时,推荐使用本方法获取p的置信区间。     

Planning of progressive group-censoring life tests with cost considerations

This paper considers a life test under progressive type I group censoring with a Weibull failure time distribution. The maximum likelihood method is used to derive the estimators of the parameters of the failure time distribution. In practice, several variables, such as the number of test units, the number of inspections, and the length of inspection interval are related to the precision of estimation and the cost of experiment. An inappropriate setting of these decision variables not only wastes the resources of the experiment but also reduces the precision of estimation. One problem arising from designing a life test is the restricted budget of experiment. Therefore, under the constraint that the total cost of experiment does not exceed a pre-determined budget, this paper provides an algorithm to solve the optimal decision variables by considering three different criteria. An example is discussed to illustrate the proposed method. The sensitivity analysis is also studied.     

On estimating parameters of a progressively censored lognormal distribution

We consider the problem of making statistical inference on unknown parameters of a lognormal distribution under the assumption that samples are progressively censored. The maximum likelihood estimates (MLEs) are obtained by using the expectation-maximization algorithm. The observed and expected Fisher information matrices are provided as well. Approximate MLEs of unknown parameters are also obtained. Bayes and generalized estimates are derived under squared error loss function. We compute these estimates using Lindley's method as well as importance sampling method. Highest posterior density interval and asymptotic interval estimates are constructed for unknown parameters. A simulation study is conducted to compare proposed estimates. Further, a data set is analysed for illustrative purposes. Finally, optimal progressive censoring plans are discussed under different optimality criteria and results are presented.     

Applications of Bayesian analysis to proof‐of‐concept trial planning and decision making

Decision making is a critical component of a new drug development process. Based on results from an early clinical trial such as a proof of concept trial, the sponsor can decide whether to continue, stop, or defer the development of the drug. To simplify and harmonize the decision‐making process, decision criteria have been proposed in the literature. One of them is to exam the location of a confidence bar relative to the target value and lower reference value of the treatment effect. In this research, we modify an existing approach by moving some of the “stop” decision to “consider” decision so that the chance of directly terminating the development of a potentially valuable drug can be reduced. As Bayesian analysis has certain flexibilities and can borrow historical information through an inferential prior, we apply the Bayesian analysis to the trial planning and decision making. Via a design prior, we can also calculate the probabilities of various decision outcomes in relationship with the sample size and the other parameters to help the study design. An example and a series of computations are used to illustrate the applications, assess the operating characteristics, and compare the performances of different approaches.     

基于正态分布点值化的区间主成分评价法及应用

针对区间数据点值化过程中所存在的“代表性不足”的缺陷,提出了基于正态分布的点值化方法并将之应用于区间主成分评价法。通过与基于中心点值化的区间主成分法的比较,得到三个主要结论：第一,基于正态分布的点值化方法能将各样品的点值化结果导向指标均值,而非区间值的中心点;第二,基于正态分布的点值化结果增加了数据信息量;第三,基于正态分布点值化的区间主成分评价法提高了数据降维效果,具有更好的因子命名能力。应用结果表明,在考虑正态分布情况下,对区间数据的点值化处理方法具有较好的效果,基于正态分布点值化的方法可推广至基于区间数的评价和决策问题。     

An alternative decision rule for quality control in sequential sampling plans

The conventional rule for acceptance sampling based on sequential samples is based on the rationale of hypothesis testing developed by Wald (1947). This type of decision rule tests the hypothesis of P=p₁ versus P=p₂ as a proxy for determining whether P>d or P<d with P₁<d<p₂. It requires a zone of indifference between the rejection and acceptance levels p₂ and p₁. In this note, we propose an alternative rule for making the decision based on the confidence level of a one-sided Bayesian interval estimate of the parameter. This method results in direct determination of whether the proportion of defects P in the population is greater or less than a prespecified level d, rather than test two points as proxy for the decision. We present a numerical illustration of the rule and an example of determining rejection and acceptance numbers. Ue also compare the results with two conventional rules.     

From grouped to de-grouped data: a new approach in distribution fitting for grouped data

Sampling within a given interval with a constraint has not been previously considered. Standard parametric simulation engines require knowledge of the parameters of the distribution from which a sample is drawn. These methods are limited if additional constrains are required for the simulated data. We propose a method that generates the targeted number of individual observations within a given interval with a constraint that the average value of observations is known. This method is further extended to a grouped data setting, as a way of data de-grouping, when the frequency and average value of observations are provided for each group. Several simulation studies are employed to evaluate the performance of the proposed method, in case of both a single interval and grouped data, for different simulation settings. Furthermore, the proposed method is evaluated in the parameter recovery when different distributions are fitted to the de-grouped data. This method is found to be superior to the uniform method previously used in data de-grouping. The results of the simulation study are promising and they show that this method can be used successfully in the applications where data de-grouping requires that the average value of observations is maintained in each group. The application of the proposed method is illustrated on a real data of insurance losses for bodily injury claims.     

Evaluating lifetime performance for the Pareto model with censored and imprecise information

A lifetime capability index L _tp has been proposed to measure the business lifetime performance, wherein output lifetime measurements are assumed to be precise from the Pareto model with censored information. In the present study, we study a more realistic situation where the lifetime output data are imprecise. The approach developed by Buckley [Fuzzy system, Soft Comput. 9 (2005), pp. 757–760; Fuzzy statistics: Regression and prediction, Soft Comput. 9 (2005), pp. 769–775] incorporated with some extensions (a set of confidence intervals, one on top of the other), is used to construct the triangular-shaped fuzzy number for the fuzzy estimate of the L _tp. With the sampling distribution of the unbiased estimator of the L _tp, two useful fuzzy inference criteria, its critical value and fuzzy p-value are obtained to assess the lifetime performance. The presented methodology can handle the lifetime performance assessment on the condition that sample lifetime data are involved with imprecise information, classifying the lifetime performance with the three-decision rule. With different preset requirements and a certain degree of imprecise data, we also develop a four quadrants decision-making plot where managers can easily simultaneously visualize several important features of lifetime performance for making a decision. An example of business lifetime data is given to illustrate the applicability of the proposed method.     

The Splitting Method for Decision Making

We show how a simple modification of the splitting method based on Gibbs sampler can be efficiently used for decision making in the sense that one can efficiently decide whether or not a given set of integer program constraints has at least one feasible solution. We also show how to incorporate the classic capture-recapture method into the splitting algorithm in order to obtain a low variance estimator for the counting quantity representing, say the number of feasible solutions on the set of the constraints of an integer program. We finally present numerical with with both, the decision making and the capture-recapture estimators and show their superiority as compared to the conventional one, while solving quite general decision making and counting ones, like the satisfiability problems.