计划生育村民自治工作中的问题及对策

计划生育工作的难点在农村，重点在基层，关键在村组和社区。实践已经证明，全面推行计划生育“以村为主、村民自治”，是挖掘人口与计划生育工作潜力，巩固、提高计划生育整体水平的现实选择，也是当前计划生育依法行政的必然需要。然而，从农村部分地方计划生育“以村为主、村民自治”工作实施的情况来看，存在的问题不少，甚至还比较严重，必须引起高度重视。主要问题表现在以下几个方面：     

关于计划生育村民自治的几个问题──兼谈村级计划生育协会的地位和作用

中国是一个拥有９亿农民的国家，农村的计划生育始终是全国计划生育的重点和难点。近年来，一些地区的村级社区组织在落实“三为主”、推广“三结合”、实现“两个转变”的过程中，积极而稳妥地走上了计划生育村民自治的道路。通过村民自治，国家有关人口和计划生育的宏观决策，最终落实到农户和个人，转化为群众的自觉行动。与此同时，广大农民群众在实现计划生育村民自治的过程中，训练和增强了参与意识、民主意识以及“自我管理，自我教育，自我服务”的能力，行使了计划生育主人的权利。在中国农村，计划生育村民自治有着强大的生命力和…     

黑龙江省穆棱市计划生育村民自治调查报告

计划生育村民自治是我国农村社区计划生育的管理方式。穆棱市早在1999年就进行了计划生育村民自治试点工作。穆棱市在具体推行中以人为本,将维护群众的合法权益作为第一要义,尊重和保护群众的生育权、知情权、计划生育技术服务的获得权以及民主参与权。同时,对于低生育水平下的人口与计划生育工作,穆棱市勇于实践,适时改革,取得显著成效。     

“计划生育村民自治与社区建设”研讨会综述

通过多年的实践,计划生育村民自治和社区建设取得了显著成就。为进一步在理论上提高,在实践中深化,使计划生育村民自治和社区建设健康发展, 《人口与计划生育》杂志社和湖北省人口学会于2003年9月15日在武汉联合举办了湖北省计划生育村民自治与社区建设研讨会。与会者就计划生育村民自治与社区建设问题从不同角度作了讨论发言,引起广泛的关注和兴趣。     

关于村级计划生育民主管理和民主监督的几点思考

当前,对于村级计划生育民主管理和民主监督(以下称为“计划生育村民自治”)进行深入的研究,总结各地开展计划生育村民自治工作积累的经验,理清下一步深入推进计划生育村民自治工作的思路,是很有意义的。仅就这个问题谈几点个人的想法。一、把计划生育村民自治放在当前农村变革的全局中去思考、认识和把握在讨论计划生育村民自治这个问题之前应当了解一下当前农村发生的深刻变化,因为只有把计划生育村民自治放在农村经济、社会发展的全局中去思考、去认识、去把握,才能更加有利于真正实现计划生育村民自治。我认为当前农村有两大变化是值得我…     

计划生育村民自治──从城市看农村

──新形势下农村人口与计划生育工作需要构建新的工作基础，在运行 机制和方法上确立农民群众的主体地位。 ──借鉴城市社区计划生育居民自治的经验，提高农民在计划生育工作 方面的自组织能力，进行组织创新和制度创新。     

实现“五个转变”扎实推进计划生育居民自治

抓好城市社区计划生育居民自治是推进人口计生工作战略性、全局性、基础性和紧迫性的工作，而要开展好计划生育居民自治工作，重点要实现“五个转变”。     

积极推行计划生育村民自治

推行计划生育村民自治工作是农村计划生育管理机制的重大改革，是实行依法管理和落实《中共中央国务院关于加强人口与计划生育工作稳定低生育水平的决定》的重要举措。必须提高认识，端正思想，积极稳妥地推行计划生育村民自治，提高计划生育整体工作水平。 一、提高认识，增强推行计划生育村民自治的自觉性 计划生育村民自治是村民依照法律、法规及自治章程，通过民主决策、民主管理、民主监督，对婚姻、生育、节育等婚育行为进行自我管理、自我教育。自我服务和自我监督的计划生育管理体制。 （一）推行计划生育村民自治是计划生育工作管…     

创民心工程 走“三自”之路——对山东省宁津县农村基层计生协工作经验的思考

山东省宁津县依托社区 ,以农村基层计生协会为载体 ,通过完善组织网络 ,建立活动制度 ,开展“生产、生活、生育”服务 ,贴近群众生活 ,满足群众需要 ,突出“自我教育、自我管理、自我服务”特点。推动广大农民群众主动参与计划生育并成为主体 ,为实现农村计划生育工作思路与工作方式的“两个转变”、推进农村基层计划生育村民自治 ,进行了积极探索和制度创新。从理论与实践两个层面 ,为现阶段及今后一定时期我国农村计划生育工作提供了范例 ,代表并反映了计划生育事业的发展方向     

村民自治与计划生育村民治理

本文结合在浙江省嘉兴市农村实地考察的情况 ,对村民自治条件下计划生育村民治理的基本特征、现实意义及应注意的一些问题进行了论述 ,同时对当前学术界流行的“计划生育村民自治”的提法提出了疑问 ,建议今后以“计划生育村民治理”的提法替代“计划生育村民自治”。     

民主生育论

本文将计划生育村民自治定义为“民主生育”,凸现了计划生育村民自治的民主性。民主生育是指由民作主、群众自治的生育活动,属于政策性自主生育活动。通过“三自四民”,民主生育正在重构基层的社会关系,正在开创人本主义计划生育的新格局。但在实践过程中,民主生育还面临着真民主还是假民主的严峻挑战。捍卫群众的话语权是村民自治的核心任务之一,也是基层民主建设在计划生育公务上的具体体现。     

农村计划生育家庭养老保障机制研究

对农村计划生育家庭在资金和发展经济上给予帮助,使其增加收入,进而也增加了养老积蓄;对计划生育夫妇子女的各种优惠,是帮助家庭增加对孩子的抚养成本投入,以期将来转化为更高的养老价值;政府和集体承担的那部分计划生育养老保险金,是直接给计划生育家庭的养老投入;新启动的农村部分计划生育家庭奖励扶助制度,更是与国家退休养老保障制度性质相似的新机制。必须建立相应的,以政府投入为主渠道的计划生育投入机制,通过公共财政支持,才能保证上述养老保障工作的资金需求与资金供给平衡。     

A grand gathering of model family planning workers in China

At the 1986 National Commendation Conference of Family Planning Vice Premier Wan Li told the 600 participants from all parts of China that the task of controlling population growth during the 6th Five-Year Plan had been accomplished and that the trend of population growth had been held in check. He emphasized the progress made in the field of family planning, noting that family planning is a basic state policy of China and that the government always regarded family planning as a priority concern. Wan Li made the point that the population control stipulated in the 6th Five-Year Plan is of great significance to the promotion of China's 4 modernizations -- socialist construction and the improvement in the living standards of the people -- as well as helpful to the stabilization of world population growth. Recommending a flexible approach to family planning, the Vice Premier urged those engaged in family planning to work to overcome compulsory and coercive approaches. He recommended scientific research devoted to birth control technology and asked family planning workers to give family planning a higher priority in order to assure fulfillment of the plan for population control as outlined in the 7th Five-Year Plan.     

Determinants of national family planning effort

In light of recent research demonstrating a substantial impact of family planning programs on fertility, we develop and estimate a multivariate model of the determinants of national differences in family planning program effort (FPPE). The framework that guides the specification of this model identifies three broad classes of factors—those that create demand for family planning, those that facilitate the initiation and expansion of family planning programs, and finally those that encourage or inhibit program development. The results from multiple regression using 84 less developed countries indicate that demand for family planning, facilitating infrastructure, and certain demographic and geographic factors are important determinants of program effort. These results suggest that popular demand for family planning is helpful, but that policy makers must perceive the adverse consequences of high fertility and have the infrastructure necessary to develop an effective organized family planning program. Current U.S. policies relevant to reducing birth rates are discussed and found to reflect quite well research on determinants of fertility declines among LDCs. U.S. policy also balances the often competing claims of family planners and their opponents by encouraging support to both developmental projects as well as direct aid to family planning program activities.     

Satisfied users clubs: family planning acceptors as model agents of the program

The National Population Program in the Philippines has encouraged family planning acceptors to shift from their passive role as recipients of family planning services into an active role as program participants. In the mid 1970s the Commission on Population (Popcom) began setting up satisfied users clubs in various regions of the country with the aid of the Ministry of Social Services and Development (MSSD). Other government institutions like the Ministry of Labor and Employment (MOLE) formed similar family planning groups. So did private agencies participating in the Program. There were indications at that time that community based family planning clubs could help the Program in informing couples about family planning and in motivating them to practice contraception. In 1977 a study conducted by the University of the Philippines Institute of Maternal Clinic found that family planning acceptors in Dumaguete City received social and psychological support from local barrio women's clubs. A 1978 Community Outreach Survey indicated that full time outreach workers (FTOWs) found statisfied users clubs helpful in increasing the number of new acceptors in their areas and in bringing down the number of family planning dropouts. Once a decision to create a club is made, club organizers meet with the barangay captain and his council to get their approval and seek their cooperation in inviting people to join the proposed club. Once the approval is given known family planning users in the community or mothers of reproductive age are invited to attend a community assembly. Of 59 clubs surveyed, only 10 had a formal constitution and bylaws. All clubs elected their officers and conducted monthly meetings which lasted from 2-4 hours. The main selling proposition of the clubs is the involvement of members in nonfamily planning activities like income generating schemes, skills training, nutrition seminars, and immunization of children. 81% of the officers of all 59 clubs were family planning acceptors. The majority of officers had undergone voluntary sterilization. Only 8 of the 59 clubs considered themselves single purpose clubs committed to the promotion of family planning. The other 51 were multipurpose organizations, with both family planning and nonfamily planning activities. In the area of family planning, the club's objectives were to increase family planning acceptors, disseminate family planning information, and maintain current users.     

Population planning in Asia in the 1970s

Summary To what extent is family planning integrated with broader population planning in the countries of East Asia and South Asia? To what degree do these countries combine population planning with economic and social planning in their development plans? An attempt to answer these questions suggests that, despite variability from country to country in development goals and policy implementation, family planning has been largely separated from economic planning, and birth control programmes have often been substituted for intermediate and long-range population planning. Demographic factors have been treated as exogenous variables rather than as integral parts of social-economic-demographic plans. Such comprehensive planning is difficult for both technical and political reasons, but in any case is unlikely to be achieved so long as family planning and population planning continue to be confused.     

CFPA in development

The China Family Planning Association (CFPA) was established in Beijing on May 29th, 1980 as a nongovernment organization. Its purpose and tasks are defined as uniting all the people and activitists involved with family planning to assist the government family planning units in communicating the state principles, policies and tasks on family planning, motivating the people to practice family planning voluntarily, organizing academic activities in family planning in cooperation with the related units, and promoting international exchanges and cooperation. Since its establishment, the CFPA has organized a variety of activities (communication, training, consulting) for promoting communication and education so as to spread among the masses of people the scientific knowledge about contraception, and maternal and child care. The services provided by the associations of various regions in response to the needs of the local people were greatly welcomed and highly appreciated by the people.     

Family planning: knowledge, attitude and practice of childbearing women in rural areas]

Knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of family planning techniques, is seen as potentially a very effective means for promoting the fundamental principles, objectives, and practices of family planning. In September 1983, a 2-part survey was conducted in the northeast rural area of Hubei province, China, to learn how much local women knew about birth control techniques, devices, available information, and services, as well as personal attitudes and apprehensions toward family planning. The data, based on the ages and educational backgrounds of the surveyed women, are analyzed. The 2nd part of the survey measured the difference in attitudes between women and men regarding the desired number and sex of offspring. While 99% of the surveyed women supported family planning, many expressed a strong desire to learn more about family planning, particularly as related to government policies.     

Spiritual civilization in family planning advocated by government

The National Conference on Exchange of Experience in the Building of Socialist Spiritual Civilization in the Implementation of the Family Planning Program met recently to focus on ways to help the people of China understand and support the family planning policies of the government and to change their childbearing concept. Spiritual civilization in the implementation of the family planning program can be summarized in terms of "4 educations:" the people should be united by a common ideal to carry out family planning conscientiously; the new morale and custom in the practice of family planning should be fostered and developed among the people; knowledge about population theory and family planning technology should be popularized; and the people should be guided to observe family planning regulations and policies. More than 80 papers were presented at the meeting. The experience of Keshan County in the Heilongjiang Province emerges as typical. The people's childbearing concept in Keshan County has undergone a radical change as a result of longterm education. This is the case, although this county's economic development is no better than the national average.