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61.
Takashi Kurosaki 《Journal of Economic Inequality》2006,4(3):325-345
The present paper investigates the measurement of transient poverty when each person's welfare level fluctuates due to exogenous risk. The paper namely characterizes the sensitivity of transient/chronic poverty decomposition with respect to the poverty line and to the expected welfare level so that the decomposition analysis will be based on solid theoretical foundations and be robust empirically. Theoretical results show that poverty measures associated with prudent risk preferences perform better than other measures in assuring that the value of transient poverty increases with the depth of chronic poverty and that the decomposition is not highly sensitive to the poverty line. Poverty measures such as those associated with constant relative risk aversion are thus superior to popular Foster–Greer–Thorbecke (FGT) measures such as headcount, poverty gap, and squared poverty gap indices. These theoretical arguments are confirmed empirically by the application of the decomposition to a two-period household panel dataset from rural Pakistan. The relative magnitudes of transient versus chronic poverty are more robust to changes in the poverty line when poverty measures associated with constant relative risk aversion are used than when FGT poverty measures are used. 相似文献
62.
In this paper, conservative simultaneous confidence intervals for multiple comparisons among mean vectors in multivariate normal distributions are considered. Some properties of the multivariate Tukey–Kramer procedure for pairwise comparisons and the conservative simultaneous confidence procedure for comparisons with a control are presented. Particularly, the upper bound for the conservativeness of the simultaneous confidence procedure for comparisons with a control is obtained. Finally, numerical results by Monte Carlo simulations and an example to illustrate the procedure are given. 相似文献
63.
Yasuyuki Ishibashi Takashi Saitoh Masakado Kawata 《Researches on Population Ecology》1998,40(1):39-50
Recent findings on the relationship between social interaction and demographic process in the gray-sided voleClethrionomys rufocanus are reviewed with reference to the findings in other microtine rodents. Social behavior was particularly focused on spacing
and dispersal, and their effects on population dynamics are discussed. Female territoriality can limit a population abundance
as a density-dependent factor, although its regulatory effect is controversial. Female philopatry and male-biased dispersal
should bring about the clumped distribution of female relatives and genetically random distribution of males during the breeding
season. The sexual difference in dispersal patterns can contribute to the mating behavior of the vole; promiscuous mating
and low frequency of incestuous mating. However, effects of social structure, including kinship, on reproduction and survival
of individuals still remains to be clarified. Molecular markers may help to solve these issues and provide new field of population
ecology in microtine rodents. 相似文献
64.
In a grid drawing of a planar graph, every vertex is located at a grid point, and every edge is drawn as a straight-line segment without any edge-intersection. It is known that every planar graph G of n vertices has a grid drawing on an (n?2)×(n?2) or (4n/3)×(2n/3) integer grid. In this paper we show that if a planar graph G has a balanced partition then G has a grid drawing with small grid area. More precisely, if a separation pair bipartitions G into two edge-disjoint subgraphs G 1 and?G 2, then G has a max?{n 1,n 2}×max?{n 1,n 2} grid drawing, where n 1 and n 2 are the numbers of vertices in G 1 and?G 2, respectively. In particular, we show that every series-parallel graph G has a (2n/3)×(2n/3) grid drawing and a grid drawing with area smaller than 0.3941n 2 (<(2/3)2 n 2). 相似文献
65.
We present an extension of the overtaking criterion, called fixed-step overtaking social welfare relation (SWR), and its leximin
counterpart, called fixed-step W-leximin SWR, for the evaluation of infinite utility streams. Our SWRs satisfy Fixed-step
Anonymity. First, we characterize them by using the consistency, called Weak Fixed-step Indifference Consistency, which links
indifference for infinite utility streams to indifference for their truncated vectors that are taken periodically. Second,
we characterize another utilitarian extension, called S{\mathcal{S}}-overtaking SWR, by replacing the consistency with Fixed-step Anonymity. The S{\mathcal{S}}-overtaking SWR is a subrelation of the fixed-step overtaking SWR. Meanwhile, the leximin counterpart of the S{\mathcal{S}}-overtaking SWR coincides with the fixed-step W-leximin SWR, and we obtain its alternative characterization using Fixed-step
Anonymity. Finally, we generalize the impossibility of combining Fixed-step Anonymity with the catching-up SWR by showing
the Pareto and strong consistency axioms satisfied by the catching-up SWR come in conflict with Fixed-step Anonymity. 相似文献
66.
67.
In the context of nonlinear regression models, we propose an optimal experimental design criterion for estimating the parameters that account for the intrinsic and parameter-effects nonlinearity. The optimal design criterion proposed in this article minimizes the determinant of the mean squared error matrix of the parameter estimator that is quadratically approximated using the curvature array. The design criterion reduces to the D-optimal design criterion if there are no intrinsic and parameter-effects nonlinearity in the model, and depends on the scale parameter estimator and on the reparameterization used. Some examples, using a well known nonlinear kinetics model, demonstrate the application of the proposed criterion to nonsequential design of experiments as compared with the D-optimal criterion. 相似文献
68.
This study follows the history of public relations in Japan. Meiji restoration in 1867 marked the beginning of modernization of Japan, but as democratization did not accompany modernization, the country was void of autonomous public. The birth of public relations department, though not in the mainland Japan, can be traced back to the 1920s at South Manchurian Railroad in Japan-controlled-Manchuria. After the World War II, the U.S. led Allied Occupation Army urged national and local government to adopt public relations. Shortly afterwards, ad agencies learned from the U.S. the use of public relations, but as marketing gained ground, public relations came to be used as marketing support tool. Criticism of environmental pollution in the 1970s, overseas expansion of businesses in the 1980s, collapse of bubble economy and business crises in the 1990s and onward, each drove public relations in Japan to increase its importance and expand its field. 相似文献
69.
We consider profile analysis with unequal covariance matrices under multivariate normality. In particular, we discuss this problem for high-dimensional data where the dimension is larger than the sample size. We propose three test statistics based on Bennett’s (1951) transformation and the Dempster trace criterion proposed by Dempster (1958). We derive the null distributions as well as the nonnull distributions of the test statistics. Finally, in order to investigate the accuracy of the proposed statistics, we perform Monte Carlo simulations for some selected values of parameters. 相似文献
70.
Individuals’ perceptions and their interpersonal communication about a risk event, or risk talk, can play a significant role in the formation of societal responses to the risk event. As they formulate their risk opinions and speak to others, risk information can circulate through their social networks and contribute to the construction of their risk information environment. In the present study, Japanese citizens’ risk perception and risk talk were examined in the context of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear radiation risk. We hypothesized and found that the risk information environment and risk literacy (i.e., competencies to understand and use risk information) interact to influence their risk perception and risk talk. In particular, risk literacy tends to stabilize people's risk perceptions and their risk communications. Nevertheless, there were some subtle differences between risk perception and communication, suggesting the importance of further examination of interpersonal risk communication and its role in the societal responses to risk events. 相似文献