论被征地农民社会保障安置的局限与出路

为保障被征地农民的基本生活,在一些地区出现了将社会保障作为被征地农民安置方式的实践。通过对被征地农民社会保障安置的局限性分析发现,土地保障和社会保障不具有内在的一致性,社会保障安置存在着背离权利主体的平等性、转换责任主体、混淆分配层次、保障水平较低等局限性。社会保障作为被征地农民的安置方式在理论上存在着误区,在实践中出现了严重的困境,是对被征地农民社会保障权的伤害。作为再分配手段的社会保障既不能代替安置的功能,也不能被安置的初次分配功能所替代。为更全面地保障被征地农民的权益,应在合理安置的基础上完善社会保障这一"安全网"。     

社会支持理论视角下城市民办养老机构发展研究

随着我国人口老龄化加速,民办养老机构日益成为我国社会养老服务体系中的重要主体。本研究采用社会支持理论,以南京市鼓楼区为个案,对该区民办养老机构服务与发展状况进行分析。研究发现,民办养老机构在政策支持、资金支持、综合服务支持、专业服务支持等方面存在一些不足,应构建政府、市场、社会组织与家庭多元参与的社会支持体系,为民办养老机构的发展提供全方位支持。     

人口老龄化趋势预测及对劳动力市场影响分析——以江苏省为例

江苏省作为我国人口老龄化程度最为严重的省份之一,其老龄化的发展趋势必然会对劳动力市场产生影响。本文利用2015年江苏省1%人口抽样调查数据,对2016-2080年江苏省人口老龄化发展趋势进行多方案预测,又从人口老龄化对劳动力供需两方面的影响入手,预测得到2016-2040年江苏省劳动力供需情况。结果表明:江苏省65岁及以上人口占比将在2056年达到峰值25.73%后开始下降,同时还面临劳动年龄人口结构老化、劳动力供给下降、供需结构失衡等多方面的问题。     

退休年龄延迟:现实需要、面临障碍及改革思路——以江苏为例

以江苏为例,分析了工作起始年龄提高、平均预期寿命延长及平均"法定工作年限"缩短背景下延迟退休年龄的现实需要。由于民众存在延迟退休年龄即为延长工作年限的认识误区,使这一改革得不到普遍支持;基本养老保险公平缺失、基金统筹层次过低、缴费水平过高、待遇计发与调整办法不合理等则进一步形成了延迟退休年龄改革的障碍。基于此,我国应当在消除认识误区、破除制度障碍的基础上采取渐进式延迟退休年龄的改革,实施弹性退休制。     

中国人口年龄结构与城乡居民消费关系的实证分析

人口年龄结构转变本身具有动态性,与消费的关系也随之变化。文章基于1987-2011年时间序列数据对中国城乡人口年龄结构与居民消费之间的关系进行了比较研究。结果发现:城、乡居民消费率与少儿抚养比之间均具有显著正相关关系,少儿抚养比越低,城、乡居民消费率越低,但少儿抚养比的降低对城、乡居民消费率边际变化的影响差异不大;现阶段整体来看老年抚养比对城、乡居民消费率的作用并不显著;人口年龄结构对消费的影响具有时期效应,与进入人口老龄化阶段之前相比,我国城、乡老年抚养比相对于少儿抚养比对消费变化的影响更大;此外,少儿抚养比通过家庭收入增长率对城镇居民消费具有显著偏效应,老年抚养比则通过家庭收入增长率对农村居民消费具有显著偏效应,这说明伴随着人口年龄结构的转变,城、乡居民分别在子女照料、老人赡养等方面作出了消费倾斜。     

江苏流动人口特征演变

通过比较"五普"和"六普"流动人口数据,对江苏流动人口的规模、分布、性别结构、年龄结构、流动原因及就业结构等方面进行系统分析,研究发现江苏流动人口呈现一些新特征:流动人口在数量上不断增长的同时空间聚集性进一步增强,青年流动人口性别构成趋于平衡,流动人口的经济活动带动社会活动,而女性经济流动自主性明显增强,此外流动人口就业结构产业结构出现同向变化。     

近二十年来我国人口老龄化研究热点与发展趋势

严峻的人口老龄化形势对我国经济社会发展带来了巨大挑战。基于CiteSpace软件,以CSSCI数据库1998—2018年老龄化领域1867篇文献为数据来源,从文献量、发文作者、关键词聚类等方面绘制相关知识图谱。结果表明:随着老龄化程度加深,研究成果呈波动增长的态势,整体以社会与经济学科为主,高等院校和高校学者是研究的主体,但机构及作者之间的合作交流亟待强化;人口老龄化概念、趋势成因、影响及对策是研究的四大热点主题;突现词爆发探测发现研究路径具有较强的传承性,可分为社会保障体系的建立与完善、人口转变引发的经济社会影响和养老服务体系构建三个阶段。未来一段时期提升养老服务质量、整合服务资源及养老服务标准化建设等主题将成为人口老龄化领域新的研究热点。     

云南少数民族老年妇女经济保障的结构性脆弱——社会性别视角

I. The current situation of ethnic minority women’ s economic security One of the most prominent problems faced by the international community is how to ensure the e-conomic security of the elderly, and how to help those elderly people who have lost the ability to work to be properly cared for. According to Yang Shijie’s investigation, 75% of the poor population in Yunnan are ethnic minorities, and of this fig-ure, minority women are more impoverished than men. 1 . The poverty rate in Yunnan is a little bit higher than the national average poverty level. Although Yunnan’s economic indicators have made considerable progress, they have yet to reach the national average because of the province’s ho-mogenous industrial structure, low level of indus-trialization, and high proportion of resource indus-tries. The average wage of workers in Yunnan is only 85. 85% of the national average wage, and the poverty rate is higher than the national aver-age. 2 . There is a significant number of elderly women without pensions, and their poverty rate is high in Yunnan. Due to the dual urban-rural structure of the social and economic system, as well as the design issues related to the social pension security system connected with employment, the number of elderly women without pensions is quite significant in Chi-
na. In ethnic minority areas, only 24. 12% of peo-ple over the age of 60 have a pension, among them, the number of women is considerably lower than for men, accounting for only 10%. Elderly women from ethnic minorities are further excluded from the social pension security system. Only a small population of elderly ethnic women enjoy the benefits of the system, and their average monthly pension is significantly lower than that of the men. Compared with elderly men, elderly women rely more on other members of the family. 3 . The high rate of widowhood brings difficul-ties to the elderly. According to a sampling survey of 10% of the national population in 2010 , the widower ratio is 29. 55%, and widow ratio is 70. 45% among eth-nic minorities aged over 60 . Ethnic minority women devote more energy to unpaid housework in their youth and middle age, and their chances of finding employment are low. This means they normally de-pend on their spouse when they become old, how-ever, the loss of their spouse makes them even poorer, and increases their risk of falling into pov-erty. 4 . The ethnic minority women ’s property rights are difficult to be protected. Because of the influence of outmoded feudal i-deas in the ethnic minority villages, women gener-ally have no right to inherit property. For example, among the Pumi, property is inherited by the men, and women generally have no right to inherit. The
case is the same with the Naxi ethnicity. In the in-heritance systems of the ethnic minority people in Yunnan, wives rarely have the right of inherit-ance;the custom of“passing property to the men, but not the women” is still quite prevalent. If the husband dies, the wife will not only find it difficult to inherit her husband’s property, but may also lose her own property, including land rights. This leads to a low rate of property ownership among widows. II. Analysis of the causes of vulnerability of the gender structure 1 . Cultural lag American sociologist W. F. Ogburn was the first to use this concept, which refers to the time lag between material culture and non - material culture in the course of social change. Generally speaking, change in material culture occurs faster than in non -material culture, and they are not synchronized, so there is a gap between them. Ethnic minority women in Yunnan have been af-fected by the patrilineal system up to the present day, which influences the thought and behavior of all ethnic groups, and gradually builds a psycho-logical barrier in the ethnic women’ s minds, con-straining their talent and creativity. Yunnan is lo-cated in China’s southwest frontier region, and the ethnic minorities live in remote and isolated moun-tainous areas, where the concept of the low status of women is ingrained, and thus not easily changed. 2 . The cumulative effect of education and em-ployment Compared with boys, there are different edu-cational expectations on or investments in the girls in the social culture, which brings disadvantages to women looking for employment of in their youth and middle age. Because they can generally only involve themselves in housework, it is not possible for them to accumulate employment experiences, and this leads to a negative economic status when they become old. 1) Low level of education. Due to the tradi-tional influence of “valuing sons over daughters”,
the number of ethnic minority women who have not attended school is significantly higher than that of men; the number of ethnic minority women who have never received an education is more than twice as high as the number of men. The phenome-non of early marriage and childbearing in ethnic minority areas is still prominent. Due to the influ-ence of early marriage culture, the girls do not generally wish to receive a higher education. Addi-tionally, because of the development of tourism, girls tend to drop out of school very early and in-volve themselves in business or becoming tour guides. All these factors lead to ethnic minority women’s lower level of education. Because they do not receive a higher, or even elementary educa-tion, women’s lives are concentrated around the family and housework. 2 ) Devotion to housework. The elderly ethnic minority women not only have to take part in agri-cultural production, but they also have to take care of the “left-behind” children whose parents have left to work in urban areas. For instance, De’ang women play an important role in family, social and economic activities; they have to bear the load of heavy housework every day, including carrying wa-ter, collecting firewood, cooking, feeding pigs, cattle and children, weaving, washing clothes and farming. The Bulang women, together with the men, have created the ancient Bulang culture, and women play the role of “main tentpole” in the housework and farming. According to our investi-gations of the Yi in Chuxiong of Yunnan province, Yi women spend on average over six hours each day on housework, and most men almost never par-ticipate in housework. 3 ) Unemployment or low paid occupation. Ethnic minority women’s degree of participation in social labor is low, however, their housework du-ties are taken for granted, and not recognized by the wider society, so their labor value is underesti-mated, even ignored. Due to their low level of ed-ucation and contribution to unpaid housework, a lot of ethnic minority women are unemployed. E-
ven though a small number of them are in employ-ment, their jobs are concentrated in the low in-come industries, and few of them are supported by social insurance. 3 . Traditional gender roles in the division of labor Because of the traditional gender roles in the division of labor, the social expectations for the women’s role is still family-centered. This means women have to bear a lot of housework duties and child rearing responsibilities. Due to women’s spe-cial physiological characteristics, women have a double burden: the responsibility of human pro-duction and social production. However, under the influence of gender inequality, women who have made great contributions to the development of so-ciety and humanity have been subjected to unfair treatment. Their contribution is regarded as a bur-den unique to women or indeed the women’s natu-ral weakness, and can even become a discrimina-tory factor in employment and promotion—this is a great injustice to women. In summary, it seems that the structure of the fragility of elderly ethnic minority women is a sim-ply an issue of sex difference, but it essentially re-flects the social system and conceptual culture of“valuing sons over daughters” which is ingrained in the minority areas, and is an issue of gender in-equality. III. Countermeasures and suggestions The elderly ethnic minority women are a spe-cial group in China’s aging population. This group shows a structural vulnerability due to such as in-fluences of ethnicity and regional location, eco-nomic conditions, educational level, marital sta-tus. From the perspective of social gender, this paper studies the economic security status of ethnic aged women, analyzes the problems of economic security for this group, and puts forward some poli-cy recommendations for improving the economic se-curity situation of the elderly women in ethnic mi-nority areas. 1 . The state should increase investment in tye economic development of ethnic minority areas in order to provide more jobs and solve the problem of employment of women. Economic development in the minority areas could provide adequate economic security to improve the living conditions of the eld-erly women in those areas. 2 . The concept of gender equality needs to be strengthened. Women should enjoy equal rights in education, and equal employment opportunities as men, as well as equal rights in the husband-wife relationship. In addition, we cannot simply take each gender as exactlythe same, but should under-stand the psychological and physiological difference between men and woman, and pursue gender e-quality in terms of society, personality, opportuni-ties, and rights. 3 . National policy should afford some recogni-tion to women and their capacity for childbirth. Due to physiological factors, women have to take the responsibility of childbirth and feeding the child, however, they also have to work . Women’s contributions to the family will inevitably lead to their inferior position in terms of social professional competition. Therefore, when policies are drawn up, the physiological characteristics of men and women should be considered, moreover, gender awareness and gender equality should be a part of various policies. 4 . Policies should protect women’s employ-ment rights, and ethnic minority areas should en-courage women to go out to work. The state should make policies to protect women’s employment rights, solve the problem of sexual discrimination which might exist in the workplace, and create e-qual employment opportunities so as to reduce the probability of elderly women from ethnic minority areas becoming impoverished . 5 . Improve the urban and rural pension sys-tem, and improve women’s pension insurance cov-erage rate.     

缓发性海洋灾害影响评估研究：基本视角与理论框架

作为缓发性海洋灾害的一种主要表现形式,海平面上升对沿海发展产生严重影响。在剖析灾害评估与脆弱性评估共性基础上,梳理海平面上升影响机理和沿海发展脆弱性评估现有文献发现,影响机理分析不系统、脆弱性评估方法不精细和评估结构差异明显等较为突出。基于此,提出海平面上升对沿海发展影响评估的理论框架,包括4个方面内容：构建海平面上升对沿海发展的影响机理机制、搭建海平面上升对沿海发展影响专业化云数据库、实施海平面上升影响下沿海发展脆弱性评估体系、划分海岸带脆弱性等级梯度标准。