The Role of Effort in Shifting Preference for Feedback Stimuli

ABSTRACT

Researchers have examined preference for the format of delivery of feedback, however little research has examined strategies to increase feedback and praise desirability. The current study aimed to evaluate whether preference shifted for stimuli that signaled work and for manager-praise stimuli that were delivered after work. Moreover, we sought to understand if these preference shifts were greater when the work was higher-effort compared to lower-effort work tasks (a phenomenon described in the basic literature as within-trial contrast). The study took place in a simulated work environment. Sixteen university students clicked on a shape that produced the work task, completed a mock medical data-entry task, and received manager-praise on an FR1 and FR20 schedule. At the start of the study and following each contingency exposure trials, they completed a preference assessment for both the shapes and the manager-feedback stimuli. The primary dependent variable was the percentage of preference change for two categories of stimuli – shapes presented at the beginning of trials that signaled which condition participants were in and manager-praise stimuli presented at the end of trials. Preference for the shape stimuli for both high- and low-effort stimuli decreased indicating that stimuli that signal work may become less preferred. Preference for the manager-praise stimuli for both high- and low-effort stimuli increased suggesting that stimuli that follow work may become more preferred. Overall, these data suggest that the conditions under which managers deliver feedback and praise may influence preference for those stimuli.     

Union organizing effort and success in the U.S., 1948–2004

While union density in the public sector has increased in recent decades, private sector union density in the U.S. has declined steadily since the mid-1950s. Scholars have evoked a variety of explanations to account for the decline in union membership, but substantially less attention has been devoted to understanding the contribution of the union organizing process as governed by the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB). In this paper, we focus on two aspects of this process: union organizing effort (the effort to establish union representation elections to organize non-unionized workers) and union organizing success (success in winning union representation elections). Using annual time series data for the U.S. from 1948 to 2004, we show that there has been a long-term decline in both union organizing effort and union organizing success, which likely contributes to declining union density. We focus on three explanations for these changes: the political–legal environment for unions, deindustrialization and globalization, and employer opposition to unionization efforts. We find that each of these factors contributes to organizing effort and success and conclude with a discussion of the implications of this research for future mobilization efforts.     

退耕还林:努力分配与补贴方式选择——退耕还林中期阶段的合作建设博弈

通过建立利益分配的委托—代理模型,对退耕还林工程中期阶段的补贴方式与努力分配的关系进行了研究。推演并证明了地方政府与农户偏好分成式补贴方式,主体在合作生产中的重要程度以及生态物品效用系数对于最优努力有正向影响。研究证明:在退耕还林中期阶段,中央政府、地方政府与农户的最优努力与各自的重要程度正相关,分成补贴方式可以提前最优努力到达的时间。在退耕还林中期阶段,分成补贴较之于一次性定额补贴,中央政府的最优努力不受影响,而地方政府与农户的最优努力均增加了。由此可知,政府应建立活立木市场、推行生态购买、加强生态环境宣传等公共政策,以期提高退耕还林工程的实施效率。     

基于加权案例推理模型族的软件成本SVR组合估算

精确地估算软件成本是软件项目成功开发的一个重要保证,直接影响着软件的风险控制和质量保证.为了更好地解决单一估算模型的不足,提出了集成多案例推理(CBR)模型的软件成本组合估算模型.首先,采用六种距离计算公式刻画新旧项目相似度,构建了六种CBR模型,并运用粒子群算法(PSO)来优化CBR模型族中的属性权重.其次,在CBR模型族的基础上,运用支持向量回归机(SVR)模型将不同CBR模型的估算结果进行集成,提高软件成本估算结果的精度.利用Deshamais数据库对模型有效性进行检验,实证结果表明,在六种CBR模型中Euc-CBR、Min-CBR、Gau-CBR和Mah-CBR模型估算结果没有明显差异,Gre-CBR和Man-CBR模型略优;提出的SVR组合估算模型估算精度明显优于单CBR模型和其他线性组合估算模型,能有效提高软件成本的估算精度.     

试论新闻策划的合力导向

加入WTO之后 ,国内媒体要想做大、做强 ,加大在国际上的声音 ,必须加强新闻策划 ,必须强调新闻合力 ,因此 ,研究新闻策划的合力导向是十分重要的。事实证明 ,媒介合力导向的传播效果来自于精深的策划 ,同样 ,新闻策划也需要发挥合力导向的作用 ,两者相辅相成 ,共同促进。在新闻策划的合力导向实施过程中 ,应遵循导向正确的原则、集思广益的原则、慎重筹划的原则以及目标整合的原则 ,以保证新闻传播事业能够形成整体功能和综合效应 ,使影响新闻事业效果的各个因素朝着正确的方向、沿着最佳的路线协调一致 ,同步前进。     

论毛姆小说的虚无思想

毛姆小说有着浓厚的虚无思想。具体表现在迷惘感、隔膜感、厌倦感以及人与环境关系上,通过分析这些方面可以加深对毛姆创作思想和艺术观念的理解。     

收入分配与个人努力程度的相关性研究

关于收入分配与经济增长的关系,学术界并没有定论。有些学者认为,现存收入分配政策是经济增长的必然结果;有些学者认为,确定的收入分配政策决定了经济增长的高度和深度。而所有的收入分配政策研究几乎都围绕着收入分配平等与否来展开。换句话说,主要是收入分配不平等有利于经济增长还是不利于经济增长。本文将从收入分配与个人努力程度的相关性的角度来阐述收入分配与经济增长之间的关系,从而为政府制定合理的收入分配政策提供理论依据。     

软件开发项目工作量估算技术的比较研究

软件开发项目的工作量估算技术一般分为三类:基于专家判断的技术、基于算法模型的技术和面向学习的技术.不同的估算技术各有自己的优点和局限性,没有一种估算技术能适用于所有开发环境,并且软件开发方法和技术的更新速度也对所有这些估算技术提出了挑战.软件组织应根据具体的项目特征和可获得的信息来选择合适的估算技术,并针对当前项目情况对使用的估算模型加以调整,依据不同技术的特点组合不同的估算技术进行估算,以提高估算准确性.在估算项目工作量时要充分考虑到项目前期阶段的工作量,并建立本组织的软件项目库.     

新时期中国农民工融入城市的推拉力分析

文章详细阐述了当前我国农民工在融入城市的过程中,城市与农村对农民工的推、拉力作用。分析认为,随着我国经济的发展变革,城市与农村对农民工进城的拉力和推力也正在发生变革,呈现出更为复杂的情况。总体上,城市对农民工的拉力和农村对农民工的推力仍起主要作用,促进了农民工的城市融入。     

创新的误识与突围的努力--对当下《文学原理》教材取样分析

当下文学原理文本存在的主要问题是:身份的丢失,体态的臃肿,求新的错位,拓展的误识,话语的拼接,思想的罗列.作为文学原理,应该确立其形而上性、经典性、适用性的学术品格,使文学原理真正成为文艺学学科的学理依托和适合教学的教材文本.