Residential Location,Job Location,and Wages: Theory and Empirics

I develop a stylized partial on‐the‐job equilibrium search model that incorporates a spatial dimension. Workers reside on a circle and can move at a cost. Each point on the circle has a wage distribution. Implications about wages and job mobility are drawn from the model and tested on Danish matched employer–employee data. The model predictions hold true. I find that workers working farther away from their residence earn higher wages. When a worker is making a job‐to‐job transition where he/she changes workplace location he/she experiences a higher wage change than a worker making a job‐to‐job transition without changing workplace location. However, workers making a job‐to‐job transition that makes the workplace location closer to the residence experience a wage drop. Furthermore, low‐wage workers and workers with high transportation costs are more likely to make job‐to‐job transitions, but also residential moves.     

Does Rent‐sharing Profit Female and Male Workers? Evidence from Israeli Matched Employer–Employee Data

This paper analyses the impact of workplace characteristics on individual wages based on a unique cross‐section matched employer–employee data set for the Israeli private manufacturing sector in 1995. Specifically, we examine the effects of the interaction between profit‐sharing and wages on the gender wage gap. The empirical findings show that individual compensation is significantly and positively correlated with firms’ profits‐per‐employee, even when controlling for all of the following: group effects in the residuals, individual and firms’ characteristics, industry wage differentials and endogeneity of profits. Wage–profit elasticity is found to be 11 per cent and it does not significantly differ between genders. With respect to the overall gender wage gap (on average women earn 28 per cent less than men), the results show that within firms there is no gender discrimination and that 12 per cent of this gap can be explained by the wage–profits profile and by the fact that women are more likely to be employed in less profitable firms than men.     

KCLO3晶体偏光干涉特性的测试研究

通过对KCLO3晶体的110生长晶面的透射光谱的测试,发现在平行检偏的情况下,KCLO3晶体的偏光干涉会随其厚度和入射角的增加而逐渐消失,并且存在消偏光干涉特性的平面。这些现象表明,KCLO3晶体中的双折射光束电矢量的振动方向与入射的线偏振光电矢量的振动方向间夹角,随晶体的方位而改变。     

环境因素对植物硝态氮代谢的影响

硝态氮(NO3--N)是植物最重要的氮素来源,对植物生长发育来说是极为重要的。进入植物体内的硝态氮只有在转化为氨态氮后才能为植物所直接利用,这一代谢过程受外界硝酸盐浓度、温度、土壤pH值、光照及二氧化碳等环境因素的影响。本文在查阅大量文献基础上,对近些年来有关环境因素对植物硝态氮代谢的影响方面的研究进展进行综述,这将为以后进行相关方面的研究提供一定的帮助。     

磷酸体系的平衡计算及磷酸银生成条件的探索

本论文对0.100mol/LNa_3PO_4、Na_2HPO_4、NaH_2PO_4三种盐溶液与AgNO_3溶液反应生成Ag_3PO_4沉淀时,所需AgNO_3溶液的最低浓度进行了理论计算和实验探索。     

REDISTRIBUTION,PORK, AND ELECTIONS

Why might citizens vote against redistributive policies from which they would seem to benefit? Many scholars focus on ‘wedge’ issues such as religion or race, but another explanation might be geographically‐based patronage—or pork. We examine the tension between redistribution and patronage with a model that combines partisan elections across multiple districts with legislation in spatial and divide‐the‐dollar environments. The model yields a unique equilibrium that describes the circumstances under which poor voters support right‐wing parties that favor low taxes and redistribution, and under which rich voters support left‐wing parties that favor high taxes and redistribution. The model suggests that one reason standard tax and transfer models of redistribution often do not capture empirical reality is that redistributive transfers are a less efficient tool for attracting votes than are more targeted policy programs. The model also underlines the central importance of party discipline during legislative bargaining in shaping the importance of redistribution in voter behavior, and it describes why right‐wing parties should have an advantage over left‐wing ones in majoritarian systems.     

DOES IDIOSYNCRATIC BUSINESS RISK MATTER FOR GROWTH?

Several imperfections can prevent entrepreneurs from diversifying away the idiosyncratic risk of their business. As a result idiosyncratic risk discourages entrepreneurial activity and hinders growth, with the effects being stronger in economies with lower risk diversification opportunities. In accordance with this prediction, we find that OECD countries with low levels of risk diversification opportunities (as measured by the relevance of family firms or of widely held companies) perform relatively worse (in terms of productivity, investment, and business creation) in sectors characterized by high idiosyncratic risk. Differently from previous literature, we allow risk to be country specific. Since risk is endogenous to risk diversification opportunities, we instrument its value using sectoral risk in the United States, a country where idiosyncratic business risk can be more easily diversified away. Tackling the endogeneity of risk and recognizing that it varies by country magnifies the estimated effects of risk on growth.     

THE MONOPOLY OF VIOLENCE: EVIDENCE FROM COLOMBIA

Many states in Latin America, Africa, and Asia lack the monopoly of violence, even though this was identified by Max Weber as the foundation of the state, and thus the capacity to govern effectively. In this paper we develop a new perspective on the establishment of the monopoly of violence. We build a model to explain the incentive of central states to eliminate nonstate armed actors (paramilitaries) in a democracy. The model is premised on the idea that paramilitaries may choose to and can influence elections. Since paramilitaries have preferences over policies, this reduces the incentives of the politicians they favor to eliminate them. We then investigate these ideas using data from Colombia between 1991 and 2006. We first present regression and case study evidence supporting our postulate that paramilitary groups can have significant effects on elections for the legislature and the executive. Next, we show that the evidence is also broadly consistent with the implication of the model that paramilitaries tend to persist to the extent that they deliver votes to candidates for the executive whose preferences are close to theirs and that this effect is larger in areas where the presidential candidate would have otherwise not done as well. Finally, we use roll‐call votes to illustrate a possible “quid pro quo” between the executive and paramilitaries in Colombia.     

D.H.劳伦斯中短篇小说复杂的性属观研究

在他的中短篇小说里,D.H.劳伦斯既表现了畸形的两性关系,也探索了理想的两性关系。畸形的两性关系主要表现为同性之爱、无性之爱、精神占有、社会化婚姻等。理想两性关系是建立在健康、奔放的性觉醒和性体验上的心灵与肉体的结合。D.H.劳伦斯对于两性关系的描写与其生活经历息息相关,同时也淋漓尽致地表现了劳氏复杂的性属观。     

基于投资风险与阈值的企业产品创新理论

通过建立起企业产品创新的利润最大化模型,可以发现企业产品创新的研发投资所需满足的最低效率条件,即研发投资增加的单位产品收益必须大于研发投资的边际成本和分摊的研发固定成本之和,并可以得到由企业研发效率、研发边际收益等因素决定的最优研发投资规模、预期销售规模和利润规模。在其他条件相同的情况下,企业产品改进型创新所面临的市场风险小于新产品创新的市场风险,企业产品改进型创新可以达到更大的市场销售规模和利润规模。