What money can’t buy: The psychology of financial overcompensation

When a financial damage has been inflicted, perpetrators can satisfy victims’ outcome related concerns by providing a financial compensation. Few studies have investigated, however, whether overcompensation (i.e., compensation that is greater than the damage suffered) is more beneficial than equal compensation (i.e., compensation that covers the exact damage suffered). The results of four studies show that overcompensation offers no effects in addition to the impact of equal compensation, and that it even provokes negative outcomes. More specifically, overcompensation is attributed to occur because of a lower level of moral orientation on the part of the perpetrator (Study 2 through 4), leads to less favorable perceptions of the perpetrator (Study 2 and 4), and lower levels of trust in the perpetrator (Study 3 and 4) than equal compensation. No significant differences between overcompensation and equal compensation appeared for relationship preservation and cooperation (Study 4). These results show that while overcompensation may rebuild cooperation (albeit not more effectively than equal compensation), it does so at a monetary and relational cost that limits its effectiveness as a tool to promote true interpersonal trust. The present studies thus show that a large financial compensation does not provide any surplus value in terms of psychological outcomes and relationship continuation, even though such compensation best satisfies a victim’s economic needs.     

平等抑或不平等:村委会直选制的思辨

直接竞选制相对于其他选举模式来说,其民主化、规范化更胜一筹,尤其是由村民直接推举村民选举委员会成员,由选民直接提名村委会候选人,由选民直接投票选举村委会成员的＂三个直接＂做法保证了村民民主权利的直接行使,也保障了村民意志的真实表达。正因为以上优点,直接竞选制也成为推动农村妇女进村委的支持制度之一。虽然制度本身没有强调对妇女的政策倾斜,但恰恰是这种无性别意识,使一些真正有能力的妇女能与男性有同台竞争的机会、能平等地参与竞选。但令人大跌眼镜的是实施结果却使妇女进入村委会的人数大为下降,制度所营造的机会平等却导致了结果的不尽如人意。原因何在？文章从三个维度对平等抑或不平等进行了思辨,并提出了反思性建议。     

试论埃德蒙·伯克的宗教思想

埃德蒙·伯克是18世纪后期英国最著名的政治理论家。他主张宗教宽容、信仰自由,推崇英国国教制度、教会独立平等。他的宗教思想源于英国人崇尚自由的传统以及伯克对英国传统的推崇。但他不是为了传统而推崇传统,而是为了凝聚人心、维护社会秩序。     

美国补偿教育计划对我国基础教育机会公平的启示

在黑人的社会运动推动下,为了帮助低阶层家庭儿童获得平等的受教育权利,美国联邦政府制定了一系列补偿教育计划,无疑对美国的教育乃至社会产生了深刻影响。美国的补偿教育计划对我国实现基础教育机会公平三部曲——就学机会公平、就读优质学校机会公平和教育过程参与机会公平有很大的启示意义。     

第二届“亚太地区性和生殖健康及权利”会议综述

2003年10月6-11日在泰国曼谷召开了第二届"亚太地区的性和生殖健康及权利"会议.会议围绕亚太地区的性和生殖健康进展、性观念和性行为、性和生殖健康权利、性和生殖健康的性别平等、性和生殖健康优质服务5个主题,就这些方面的现状、问题及其原因进行了交流和探讨.     

马克思的公平效率观对构建社会主义和谐社会的启示

社会公平是社会主义和谐社会的一个重要特征。要实现社会公平,必须坚持公有制的主体地位和按劳分配的主体地位。要摒弃"效率优先,兼顾公平"的分配原则,进一步重视社会公平问题,加大社会公平的分量,坚持马克思的有公平才更有效率的公平效率观,这样才有利于和谐社会的建设。     

优先性:自由与平等

自由和平等是现代社会最重要的两大政治价值.对于二者的冲突,新自由主义都采用优先性原则来解决.但是,优先性并不是绝对的,它的形成跟具体的境况相关.在正义的价值体系里,各种价值处于张力的关系中.优先性原则是错误的,也是没有意义的.优先性的实质是对平等价值独立性的质疑.西方的政治实践、政治传统和政治文化为平等的独立性提供了证明.     

Keeping it for yourself or your sister? Experimental evidence on birth order effects on resource distribution between kin and non-kin

Birth order supposedly influences individuals’ cooperative attitudes: firstborns are more family-oriented and favor their kin, while laterborns are more likely to turn to non-kin. However little direct experimental evidence exists concerning costly resource sharing between full siblings. The present study investigates sharing decisions with respect to a monetary resource by full sisters when either: (i) interacting with an unknown individual or (ii) their sister. A total of 112 sisters from 56 different families participated in an economic experiment regarding the distribution of an actual monetary reward. In line with kin selection theory, the results showed that participants favor their sister over strangers. Additionally, firstborns invested more costly resources in their sister (than laterborns) while they knew that the latter did not.     

现阶段我国男女不平等问题根源探析

实现男女平等是建设社会主义和谐社会的重要内容,尽管女性在我国的地位得到了大幅提高,但男女不平等现象还是随处可见。究其原因,经济根源是探究男女不平等根源的首选,而政治、文化、历史等原因也是造成我国现阶段男女不平等的重要原因。     

麻城与李贽思想的形成

李贽在湖北麻城生活的时间很长,他的主要思想也在这里形成。文章考察了李贽在麻城交往的僧人、妇女、士人这三个群体,这些人物对李贽"狂禅"思想、"男女平等"思想以及"童心说"思想的形成,产生了相当深远的影响。历来的研究者多关注了李贽在麻城的生活状况,却忽略了其思想形成与麻城这三类人群间互动的内在关联。