An analysis of donor engagement with education policy development in Lao PDR from 1991 to 2000

This paper describes the relationship between donor agencies and government during the development of Lao basic education policy in the post‐Cold War period, 1991‐2000. We argue that Laos had only recently been ‘re‐ born’ from colonial regimes, and was thus unable to resist or mediate donor policy agendas and donors who acted on behalf of economically developed nations. The nature of the power relationship between donor and government is explored through an analysis of policy developed at that time as well as the perceptions of aid conditionalities, as recalled by government officials and those working in the aid sector at that time. These perceptions were gathered through interviews conducted by one of the authors.     

《老胡文康乐》的东传与改编

《老胡文康乐》源出于粟特九姓之一的康国，由九姓胡人通过西域东传中土，其传人的时间在东晋初期以前。东传以后至少以四种形态演出过，一种是原生态的胡歌胡舞，一种是丧家乐、假面戏性质的《文康乐》，一种是作为《上云乐》组成部分的《老胡文康辞》及相关歌舞伎，还有一种是经百济人改编过并用于嘉会的《文康礼曲》。由于该乐历时悠久、流传地域广泛、表演形态众多，所以颇为典型，对于中古诗歌、乐舞、戏剧研究都具有较高的参考价值。     

山阴方言蟹止两摄的读音及演变

蟹摄和止摄在山阴方言中演变比较复杂。通过中古音韵蟹止两摄与山阴方言的读音比较看出,在语音演变过程中,蟹止两摄在山阴方言中保留了一些较古老的语音特征。     

Explaining how unexploded ordnance clearance enhances livelihoods in the Lao PDR

BackgroundFollowing violent conflict, the continued presence of landmines and unexploded ordnance pose a barrier to rebuilding livelihoods. Mine action removes these explosive remnants of conflict to enable communities to safely return contaminated land to productive use. There is limited understanding, however, of how, why, in what context and in what respects mine action contributes to livelihoods. Yet, such information is required for effective resource allocation, checking underlying program assumptions, understanding benefits and potential harms.MethodsThe evaluation was undertaken in the Lao People's Democratic Republic. It used an interpretive case study design and applied the principles of realist evaluation. Program staff and local government authorities were interviewed (N = 37) and program beneficiaries. In total, 38 individual interviews with program beneficiaries were conducted and eighteen focus group interviews (9 with males, 9 with females), each with 6–9 participants.ResultsThe evaluation identified two main mechanisms through which the program ‘worked’: (1) communication pre- and post-clearance and (2) the delivery of the product (cleared land).ConclusionThe realist approach helped to refine the program theory, highlighted the role of self- and task-efficacy and community communication, assisted in identifying contextual factors that influence outcomes and suggested a revision of expected outcomes.     

从“同出而异名”角度解读老子的“圣人与百姓”思想

在《老子》传统的解读中,并没有将圣人和百姓放在对等的立场上,而忽视百姓的存在。事实上在老子的思想里,圣人和百姓是没有优劣之分的,二者都是推动"道"正常运动的力量,缺一不可,只是圣人和百姓在道的运动过程中扮演着不同角色。正是因为二者的共存,道才显现出既幽远深邃又生机盎然的特征。圣人和百姓作为两种不同的生命存在方式,共同维持着"宇宙—生命"系统的通塞平衡。     

论王弼《老子注》的形成与玄学背景下的道儒融通

王弼的《老子注》形成于汉魏之际,由两汉经学向魏晋玄学的学术转向时期。结合当时的社会需要,王弼在《老子注》中创造性地提出了崇本息末的观念和名教本于自然的基本原理,并以此为基础对道儒关系进行了系统的论证。这不仅从理论上解决了汉魏之际道儒融通的时代课题,而且对于推动《老子》解释学和中国道学史研究的发展也具有重要的方法论意义。     

《原儒》对道家思想的批驳与认同

《原儒》批驳道家思想的主要理据是圣王模范与大易准则,主要理路是通过孔子儒家的正统观念的疏导与其经典文本的大道全体的诠释,及天人、心物的具体问题求解。总体看,道家思想先天不足,遭遇体用二分的认知困境;其后学主张维护帝制也迷茫本源,遮蔽儒家的大易融贯新论;但其宇宙论与儒家同一宗祖、齐头并进,为实际影响传统中国哲学发展的主要思想势力。具体辨析其显学为老学与庄学,前者是开创者,与儒学在心物问题认识上高度一致,而本体理解上有实质差别,导致其本体隐显的阻隔;后者是光大者,其理据未真正自觉到孔子儒学的阳刚本性,但《庄子·天下篇》内圣外王之道为孔子儒家的学术思想要领。二者归根于孔子儒学,获得本体支撑与雄壮力量,以免陷于枝用、虚荡。     

明清老学的主要特点与成就

明清老学内容丰富,在思想上也仍然具有创造性,并呈现出新的时代特点。通过梳理《老子》的注解,结合儒道释思想在老学中的融合与老学的民间化进程,对明清时期老学的主要特点、地位与价值进行分析。研究认为,明清时期对老子思想政治功能的阐述达到了新的高度,主张藏富于民,提出如何限制君主权力的问题,同时以儒家的经世思想改造道家的贵身理念,继承了“天下为公”的儒家传统,同时有限度地肯定了私的价值和合理性,由此发展出具有一定政治启蒙色彩的公私观。研究还认为,在儒、道、释三教关系上,明清学者在老学中并不局限于简单的比附,而是注意揭示儒、道、释之间能够互通合一的深层原因,有的以气沟通三教之道,认为儒、道、释各家的修养方法虽然不同,但追求的理想境界却异曲同工;有的从老子“正言若反”的否定思维方式出发进行分析,认为老子并不是要绝弃儒家的仁义礼智,理解老子的思想,一定要注意其“立言之大意”,或正言若反,或反言若正,而老子的主要思想是以修身治国为主,抓住了这一主旨及老子的立言特点,便知“孔老之合一,儒道之同源”。研究表明,随着明清道教发展的下移,其与民间信仰的结合日益紧密,与此相关,明清道教老学中出现了民间化的趋势,这正是道教影响中国社会、文化、信仰的独特方式和具体体现。     

试析刘安冤案

陈广忠认为,史书所载刘安"谋反"案为冤案,刘安的自杀有其多方面、多层次的原因.     

老舍文化视野中的市民世界及其精神内涵

老舍以市民世界畸型的心灵为切入点,深入剖析国民性格的积习和痼疾,开掘其历史文化渊源,并以理性之光寻找中西文化的"熔点"以重铸国民的理想人格,显示了他对国家民族命运的忧思和对未来理想社会的构想。