A synergy of contemporary activism to address police maltreatment of Black males: An intersectional analysis

ABSTRACT

A panoramic overview of contemporary and historical activism to address the perennial tension between police and young Black males in the United States of America is extensively articulated. Furthermore, an intersectional analysis framework is utilized to provide, and explain the unintentional synergy of activism among different groups in the Black community such as the Black Lives Matter movement, the inveterate political class, and the venerable Black church to mitigate police maltreatment of Black males during the era of the nation’s first Black president. Moreover, we discuss the various aggressive policing tactics used in maltreating Black males, some criminal justice reforms achieved in the last eight years, and more importantly we offer suggestions to improve the relationship between police and the Black community.     

警察制度下近代北京城市的交通管理

从清末开始至民国时期,警察机构成为北京交通管理制度最重要的制定者和管理措施直接的实施者,在制定各种交通法规的基础上,采取了加强车辆登记管理、成立专门交通巡逻队、规范车辆停运、加强驾驶人员管理、强化道路管理、规范交通指挥手势等多种措施,但是警察在规范城市交通的同时也遭遇到了种种困境。清末民初,首都北京警察对交通进行管理成为当时全国城市交通管理的典型模式,也为之后以警察专管交通奠定了基础。     

我国警察裁量基准发展探析

警察权力的控制是行政法学界关注的焦点,警察裁量基准是解决警察裁量内部控制的关键因素,是连接合理行政与合法行政之间的桥梁和纽带。警察权的膨胀使得包括立法控制和司法控制在内的传统外部控制手段面临巨大的挑战,警察裁量基准制度是行政机关面对这一挑战所应用的一种自我控制制度。警察裁量权的控制研究应当从以往关注程序研究的范式转为关注实体研究的范式,将警察裁量的基准作为研究重点之一。大量警察裁量基准投入应用的同时,制定主体不明确、评估机制不健全等问题也阻碍着警察裁量基准制度的发展。完善警察裁量基准、规范警察裁量权,对于行政相对人合法权益的保护与个案正义的实现具有重要意义。     

Heart rate and blood pressure in male police officers and clerical workers on workdays and non-workdays

Male police officers from a city police station in Tasmania (n = 20) and a matched group of clerical workers (n = 20) monitored their heart rate, blood pressure and self-reported levels of stress and arousal over a two-week period. Measurements on workdays during which stressful events occurred were compared to non-event workdays and non-workdays. Two group differences were demonstrated, with the clerical workers reporting higher levels of stress, and the police officers reporting higher levels of arousal. Support was evident for the distinction between workdays and non-workdays, and support was demonstrated for differences between different types of workdays. Evidence suggested that restricting the time frame of such research may lead to results that are inaccurate or inconsistent because workdays differ in content.     

Radical Outcasts versus Three Kinds of Police: Constructing Limits in Japanese Anti-Emperor Protests

Field observation of anti-emperor protests in Japan reveals two key processes through which the interaction of police and demonstrators gradually narrows the limits of permitted dissent through soft repression. The first process stigmatizes demonstration participants and sharply separates them from the mainstream of Japanese public life, discouraging public attention to or participation in their causes. The second process divides protest movements internally, decreasing support for groups that operate at the prevailing limit of tolerated dissent, and gradually constricting the limit itself. Great variability in police-demonstrator interactions within demonstrations suggests the limitations of newspaper content analysis methods for such research. Patricia Steinhoff is Professor of Sociology at the University of Hawaii. A Japan specialist who studies Japanese radical left groups, she is the author or editor of twelve books, including three in Japanese, and eighty articles and book chapters. Recent publications include Doing fieldwork in Japan (University of Hawaii Press, 2003), which she co-edited with Theodore Bestor and Victoria Lyon Bestor, and “Kidnapped Japanese in North Korea: The New Left connection” Journal of Japanese Studies 30:1, Winter, 2004, pp. 123–142.     

人质解救中的心理活动

在解救人质的心理范畴中,解救与反解救这两种对立的心理是同时并存的,在相互比较的状态中能解读许多规律性的东西。从现场实战心理的线索出发,分析了应对、使用、掌控、调整等方面的活动,以及如何使解救中各种心理活动服务于解除劫持危机、成功解救人质这一最终目标。     

当代警官人文素质培养的必要性与可行性研究

加强警官人文素质培养是时代发展的要求和需要,也是警官个人全面发展的需要。对当代警官的人文素质培养,主要是指通过对在校预备警官进行文学、历史、哲学、艺术等人文社会科学方面的教育,尤其是通过文学教育来提升其文化品位、审美情趣、人文素养和科学素质。     

古代雅典的奴隶“警察”——西徐亚弓箭手

西徐亚弓箭手是古代雅典的公共奴隶,充当着雅典的“城市警察”。本文利用公元前五至四世纪的喜剧材料和演说词,从西徐亚弓箭手的起源和身份、职能以及他们在雅典社会的地位三个方面考察了古代雅典这一特殊的奴隶阶层。     

Qualitative differences in men and women police officers' experience of occupational stress

Gender differences in exposure to sources of occupational stress and experience of adverse consequences are explored in a study of 358 male and 139 female police constables engaged in uniformed patrol or detective duties from one large provincial English police force. Stressors were divided into those arising tiom police operational duties and those deriving tioni organizational and management issues. Women uniformed constables are less likely to be exposed to police operational stresson involving the potential for violence, but ifexposed they report more severe adverse reactions than uniformed policemen. Women unifomied officers and women detectives are more likely to be involved with victims ofviolence or sexual offences and the former report higher levels ofassociated self-perceived stress than their male counterparts. There are relatively few differences in exposure to organizational stressors except that women detectives and uniformed officers report higher rates of sex discrimination and prejudice than policemen. Multivariate analyses show gender and occupational role differences in qualitative features that contribute to reported psychologal distress. Results are discussed in terms of possible explanations for gender differences.     

人民警察自身权益保障问题研究

面对繁重的社会治安管理工作,人民警察长年累月在超负荷的工作,然而他们的某些自身权益却无法 得到保障。为维护警察合法权益,建立和完善警察权益保护机制已势在必行。