学科教学知识新突破:教学策略“U-S”双向共创机理

教学策略由学科知识、教学知识、学生心理引导和教学监控等条件性知识以及教师教学经验、反思、行为习惯等组成,具有理论与实践一体化特征。其中知识部分属于学科教学知识(PCK)范畴,具有情境性和多种知识融合的特征。学科教学知识的“特殊整合”,不仅需要相应的学科知识和教学知识,还需要情境性教学经验。然而,中小学教师有经验缺理论、高校教师有理论没经验的问题普遍存在,形成教学策略与教学行为之间双向转化的瓶颈。为此,大学和中小学教师需要以外部利益驱动构建协同共创平台,在相同教学旨趣吸引下组成优势互补的研发团队,形成突破教学策略转化瓶颈的分层赋能与共创机制。“大学―中小学”(“U-S”)协同共创,应注重从教学策略理论知识传授到教师教学行为转变、从学习名师经验及其教学策略创新到新教学策略文本形成的转化与共创过程,形成特色鲜明的学科教学策略知识,将其以陈述性、程序性、策略性知识形式融入师范生实训教学,进而实现对现有学科教学知识的新突破。只有构建“U-S”共同体,协同实现教学策略的“理—实”双向共创,才能赋予教学策略以“内容、形式和旨趣”三个维度的理论和实践生命力,才能发挥双方优势,形成规模更大的教学策略创新平台。     

新时代教师队伍建设改革与创新--基于浙江省基本经验的研究

教育的进步,离不开高素质专业化教师队伍建设。以浙江省为代表的我国教师队伍建设经历了三个不同的发展时期:以扩充合格教师队伍为重点的院系调整时期、以发展义务教育师资力量为重点的师范教育稳定发展时期、以提高教师队伍整体素质为重点的教师队伍建设改革时期。浙江省教师队伍之所以能够由“弱”到“强”,教师综合素质、专业化水平和创新能力显著提升,教师年龄结构、学历结构、专业结构和职称结构不断优化,其关键在于围绕教师专业素养、发展活力和职业声望等方面进行了一系列改革。基于对浙江省教师队伍建设基本经验的梳理与总结,探索我国教师队伍建设改革与创新的实践路径,有助于推进高素质、专业化、创新型教师队伍建设。为促进我国教师队伍整体素质的提升,新时代教师队伍建设改革与创新应注重四个方面:在坚守中创新师范精神,促进师范教育专业化;全面深化教师队伍建设改革,建立“新师范”实践共同体;加强师范教育政策扶植,提供必要的政策保障;塑造良好的教师形象,提升教师社会影响力。     

体验的诗学:论顾城诗歌中的“自我”观念

个体体验属于个人独特而不可复制的经历,不同的体验会带来不同的社会认知,也会带来不同的人生思考,而顾城自小而大的独特成长和经历则促使其不断地追寻自我。从幼时开始思索自己与世界的关系,渴望一种自然而然的生命状态。而成长环境的变化以及时代与社会氛围的影响,让顾城逐渐在生成文化自我的同时走向了一个反文化的自我,抗拒社会文化对自己思维的统治,在反叛中执着地追寻着自我。出国后的异域体验,让他在多元文化的映照下重新进行自我的定位,在东西方文化中重新审视自我,体味生死,追寻终极的自我,最终形成自我的消解。顾城自我观念的生成与流变,既是时代与社会变动中独异的文化样本与标志,也是一个个体努力寻找生命的价值与意义的终极探索。     

Institutional Ethnography and Experience as Data

Experience, as concept, is contested among feminists as to its epistemological status, thus its usefulness in knowledge claims. Institutional ethnography (Smith 1987) is a feminist methodology that nonetheless relies fundamentally on people's experience. Not as Truth, nor the object of inquiry, but as thepoint d'appui for sociological inquiry. This article offers a demonstration of institutional enthnography using observational and interview data that show experience as methodologically central to a trustworthy analysis. A moment in the work lives of nursing assistants in a long-term care setting is captured by a participant observer. The analysis produces two lines of argument. One is methodological; it is argued that nursing assistants' experiences are an entry into the social relations of the setting that, when mapped and disclosed, make those experiences understandable in terms of the ruling arrangements permeating both the organization and their own experiences. The other argument is substantive; the inquiry uncovers how a quality improvement' strategy in a long term care hospital in Canada is reorganizing caregivers' values and practices toward a market orientation in which care appears to be compromised. Use of experience as data in this approach holds the analysis accountable to everyday/everynight actualities in a lived world.     

The design of organizations and the right to act

Recent innovations in the structure of formal organizations suggest possible directions for the design of schools to bring about high achievement. The structure of output-driven in contrast to administratively-driven schools is described, and designs are described which address both the goal of high achievement and the goal of reduced inequality.An earlier version of this paper was presented as the author's Sorokin Lecture at the annual meeting of the Eastern Sociological Society, Boston, March 1993.     

基于MCMC稳态模拟的贝叶斯经验费率厘定信用模型

B黨lmann-Straub model is one of the most famous applications of the Bayesian method for the experience rate making.However,by the traditional B黨lmann-Straub model one cannot get the unbiased posterior estimation of the parameters when there is not sufficient prior information for the structural parameters;What's more,the difficult of computing high dimension numeration limits the application of Bayesian method.This paper introduces the Markov chain Monte Carlo simulaton method based on the Gibbs sampling after analyzing the structure of the B黨lmann-Straub model and sets up the Bayesian credibility model for estimating the predictive risk premium.Also by using the results of the numeration analysis,this paper proves that from this model one can get the posterior distributions of the parameters dynamically and the posterior estimation of the censoring parameters in the situation that exists unknown parameters,as well as improve the precision of the numeration,which can be helpful to find the heterogeneity of the premium.     

基于情感体验的交互式包装设计与评价

包装不仅是商品的载体,也是品牌信息和情感体验的载体,是商品与消费者之间的信息沟通桥梁及商品体验营销的实现手段。以某护肤品包装设计为例,阐述了基于情感体验的本能层、行为层、反思层上的具体设计实践。同时,选取情感互动性、方便性、功能性、效率性、识别性5个评价指标,使用模糊综合评判法构建包装设计评价模型,对两个设计方案进行评价。方案一的评价结果为“良”,方案二的评价结果为“优”。     

绘本游戏阅读活动开展的意义及其指导策略

游戏式阅读活动旨在充分发挥绘本中的游戏精神和教育价值,让幼儿在获得充分的游戏体验的同时,促进其各种能力的发展。教师在游戏式阅读活动中指导的关键在于能否正确看待绘本中的游戏精神与教育价值,满足幼儿“阅读游戏”的体验,把握“游戏式阅读”的指导要点,避免陷入重知识传授、轻游戏体验的教学误区。     

Images of transit: the experiential traces of Soviet Jewish emigration

ABSTRACT

Between 1971 and 1990, approximately 185,000 Soviet Jews who immigrated to countries other than Israel traveled through Austria and Italy. This period of transit migration through the “Vienna–Rome pipeline” left deep impressions on most emigrants, as it entailed their first encounter with the West as well as their first steps in their new identity as immigrants. This essay focuses on photography of remnants of the journey – of objects, of old photographs, and of landscapes – in order to explore ideas about immigrants' relationship to the passage of time and their migration experiences. It emphasizes the embodied though often unacknowledged tenor of the past rather than treating it as a distant object of nostalgia. This essay further shows that immigrants draw not only on their experiences in the Soviet Union or the United States to reflect on their lives; the places of transit migration also hold lasting meaning for them.