An Approach to Assessing the Impacts of Incident-Free Transportation of Radioactive Materials: I. Air Transportation

Annual radiation doses and risks to passengers and crew are calculated for shipments of radioactive materials in passenger aircraft under accident-free and incident-free conditions (i.e., under normal transportation conditions). The 1982 database developed by Sandia National Laboratories is used, and calculations are made using RADTRAN 4.0. This paper is one of two papers estimating radiological risk associated with incident-free transportation of radioactive materials.     

Quantifying urban forest structure,function, and value: the Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project

This paper is a review of research in Chicago that linked analyses of vegetation structure with forest functions and values. During 1991, the regions trees removed an estimated 5575 metric tons of air pollutants, providing air cleansing worth 9.2 million. Each year they sequester an estimated 315 800 metric tons of carbon. Increasing tree cover 10% or planting about three trees per building lot saves annual heating and cooling costs by an estimated 50 to 90 per dwelling unit because of increased shade, lower summertime air temperatures, and reduced neighborhood wind speeds once the trees mature. The net present value of the services trees provide is estimated as 402 per planted tree. The present value of long-term benefits is more than twice the present value of costs.     

航空快递业特性分析及其在中国发展的设想

在对航空快递业务的内涵、产品特征、运输组织特点、承运方式等特性进行分析的基础上,结合国际快递巨头加快拓展中国业务、国内航空快递业尚处于起步阶段的现状,从理顺行业管理体制和提高企业竞争力两个方面提出了中国快递业发展的设想。     

交通主干道旁室内外空气污染物分析

对上海城市两条交通主干道旁室内外TSP、PM10、CO、CO2、NO2、HCHO、苯、甲苯及二甲苯等主要空气污染物的浓度进行监测，分析了室内外主要空气污染物及其室内／外I／O比值，以及日变化规律，结果表明，城市交通主干道旁室内空气污染程度，取决于室外机动车交通流量及其所使用的燃料。     

0．53μm光致大气击穿实验研究

对锁模Ｎｄ：ＹＡＧ倍频激光作用下，气溶胶粒子对激光大气击穿阈值的影响进行了研究，并对不同光学参数、不同气溶胶下的击穿阈值进行了测量。得到：空气中含较大粒子（Ａｌ２Ｏ３，ＺｎＯ，ＺｒＯ２，１８ｔｈｇｌａｓｓ、ｄ＞３０μｍ）的光致击穿阈值比含较小粒子（ｄ＜１μｍ）的空气击穿阈值低２～３个数量级；含杂空气的击穿阈值随入射激光束直径的增大而下降、随气溶胶粒子直径的增大而减小，且随气溶胶的成分不同而不同。     

长春市空气中花粉分布规律的观测与研究

本文作者于1979年7月11日至1980年9月28日收集、观测长春市空气中花粉,从中发现花粉的分布规律基本反映当地植被的特点。观测空气中花粉变化利于及时掌握植物的花期,对比不同地区物候期的差异并为花粉过敏病提供致敏源分布规律的有力依据。     

An Enforceable Indoor Air Quality Standard for Environmental Tobacco Smoke in the Workplace1

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)has recently been determined by U.S. environmental and occupational health authorities to be a human carcinogen. We develop a model which permits using atmospheric nicotine measurements to estimate nonsmokers’ETS lung cancer risks in individual workplaces for the first time. We estimate that during the 1980s, the U.S. nonsmoking adult population's median nicotine lung exposure (homes and workplaces combined)was 143 micrograms (μg)of nicotine daily, and that most-exposed adult nonsmokers inhaled 1430 μg/day. These exposure estimates are validated by pharmacokinetic modeling which yields the corresponding steady-state dose of the nicotine metabolite, cotinine. For U.S. adult nonsmokers of working age, we estimate median cotinine values of about 1.0 nanogram per milliliter (ng/ml)in plasma, and 6.2 ng/ml in urine; for most-exposed nonsmokers, we estimate cotinine concentrations of about 10 ng/ml in plasma and 62 ng/ml in urine. These values are consistent to within 15% of the cotinine values observed in contemporaneous clinical epidemiological studies. Corresponding median risk from ETS exposure in U.S. nonsmokers during the 1980s is estimated at about two lung cancer deaths (LCDs)per 1000 at risk, and for most-exposed nonsmokers, about two LCDs per 100. Risks abroad appear similar. Modeling of the lung cancer mortality risk from passive smoking suggests that de minimis [i.e., “acceptable” (10^-6)], risk occurs at an 8-hr time-weighted-average exposure concentration of 7.5 nanograms of ETS nicotine per cubic meter of workplace air for a working lifetime of 40 years. This model is based upon a linear exposure-response relationship validated by physical, clinical, and epidemiological data. From available data, it appears that workplaces without effective smoking policies considerably exceed this de minimis risk standard. For a substantial fraction of the 59 million nonsmoking workers in the U.S., current workplace exposure to ETS also appears to pose risks exceeding the de manifestos risk level above which carcinogens are strictly regulated by the federal government.     

城市居住区空气中苯系物的测定

研究了城市居住区空气中苯、甲苯、二甲苯的采集和测量方法．分别在受污染居住区和未受污染居住区用活性炭吸收法采集空气，用气相色谱法测定苯系物．讨论了活性炭的吸收效率，苯系物的分离、测定方法的准确度和精密度．测得某城市居住区空气中苯、甲苯、二甲苯的日均值分别为０．０３２，０．０４８，０．０４０ｍｇ／ｍ３．     

公众幸福感视角下环境污染的影响及定价研究

文章通过匹配省级环境污染数据和中国综合社会调查个人幸福感数据,分析空气污染和水污染对幸福感的影响.结果表明,NO2浓度上升与废水排放量增加均会显著降低幸福感,且NO2浓度对幸福感的负面效应更加显著与稳健.异质性分析表明空气污染对于城乡居民并未表现出显著差别,但对东中部居民有显著负影响;水污染对城市与东部居民的负面影响更大.客观环境污染对主观环境感知不严重人群的负面影响更加显著.空气污染对中底层人群和环境知识中高等人群的负面影响更大;水污染对中层人群和环境知识中等人群的负面影响更显著.通过生活满意度定价法对NO2和废水排放量进行定价,结果表明NO2浓度每降低1μg/m3,废水排放量每减少1亿吨,居民的平均支付意愿分别为3 239.30元和2 347.37元.     

论电子商务环境下航空旅客权益的法律保护

作为一种新型的交易模式,电子商务在我国迅速兴起,在以电子客票为主要形式的航空运输服务中得到了广泛适用,给航空业运营带来了巨大经济效益、给旅客带来了便利,但也给航空旅客权益保护带来了极大挑战。我国《民用航空法》和《合同法》在对航空电子运输凭证的认定上存在冲突,且《电子商务法》尚未颁布实施,使得航空旅客的知情权、公平交易权以及隐私权等合法权益受到侵害。因此,亟需完善电子商务环境下航空旅客权益的法律规定,健全航空旅客权益的纠纷解决机制,保护旅客合法权益,促进航空运输业电子商务的发展。