“好逑”本义考

《诗经.周南.关雎》之＂好逑＂,前贤诠释众多,均无公论。本文认为＂好逑＂当释为＂喜欢的女性伴侣＂。根据如下。（1）《诗经》时代,＂仇＂与＂雠＂是同源关系,而与＂逑＂既无同源关系,亦不能通用。段玉裁、闻一多等前贤说＂逑、仇古多通用＂、＂逑、仇古通＂,是没有根据的结论。（2）＂逑＂是为＂求（裘）＂的引申义＂敛聚＂、＂女性配偶＂等造的区别字,由此＂逑＂与＂求（裘）＂构成了同源关系。《关雎》篇中的＂逑＂专称女性配偶,而不包含男性伴侣。（3）战国以后＂仇＂的词义外延扩大了,覆盖了所有的伴侣或朋友,不再专称男性伴侣或朋友,故时人引用《诗经》或有将＂好逑＂引作＂好仇＂者,由此而形成异文,尽管如此＂逑＂仍不与＂仇＂通用,＂逑＂虽能写作＂仇＂,但＂仇＂却不能写作＂逑＂。（4）国人喜欢用＂衣服＂来比喻妻子、女友。这种习俗来源久远。古人最早就用裘衣来比喻性爱中的女伴、女友,于是＂求＂和＂逑＂就具有了称呼女性配偶的词义特征。（5）《关雎》的＂好逑＂是指男人＂喜欢的女性伴侣＂,这类被喜欢的女性伴侣因久久追求而不易得手,故男人视之为＂怨匹＂、＂冤家＂,今人或称＂欢喜冤家＂,亦就是《关雎》所谓＂好逑＂。     

盖尔达维的中间主义思想研究

作为当代阿拉伯-伊斯兰世界的主流思潮之一，伊斯兰“中间主义”认为，伊斯兰文明的首要信息是中正与和平，伊斯兰教反对各种形式的极端主义和恐怖主义，不同文明间应开展平等对话与交流，不同民族和国家间的友好交往是人类共同发展和世界持久和平的基础。卡塔尔大学教授尤苏夫·盖尔达维是这一思潮的重要代表人物之一，本文对其主要思想作了简要介绍，并指出他的中正、中和思想对于维护阿拉伯民族的团结、促进各国人民相互理解和世界和平事业，具有重要的现实意义。     

《儿女英雄传》中的副词“都”及其语法化

《儿女英雄传》是《红楼梦》通向现代北京话的中途站，通过它可以了解汉语在19世纪中期的基本面貌。当时，副词“都”已具备表示范围和表示语气等用法，其语气副词用法中有一类兼表已然义。根据《儿女英雄传》中反映的语言事实和语法化的一般规律，副词“都”的语法化路径应该为“范围副词→语气副词→兼表已然义的语气副词”。     

国际收支平衡调控分析

针对中国国际收支不平衡问题,采用对比分析的方法,分析了国际收支存在服务、收益项目发展滞后,净误差与遗漏账户逆差,外汇储备过大等问题,提出处理好货物出口与服务出口,汇率贬值与升值,储备增长与防范风险,加强收支统计与打击逃汇、骗汇关系等解决策略。研究结论对调控国际收支有指导意义。     

疑问代词“怎么”的否定用法考察

疑问代词除了表示询问、任指和虚指外,还有一个重要的用法,即用在反问句中表示否定。文章以＂怎么＂为例,根据其出现的语言环境,分类考察了＂怎么＋AD＋VP＂用于表示否定出现的句法环境、语义以及功能,并从反问句的句法机制和主观性因素的角度分析了其表示否定意义的原因。     

On Approximability of Boolean Formula Minimization

For a Boolean function given by a Boolean formula (or a binary circuit) S we discuss the problem of building a Boolean formula (binary circuit) of minimal size, which computes the function g equivalent to , or -equivalent to , i.e., . In this paper we prove that if P NP then this problem can not be approximated with a good approximation ratio by a polynomial time algorithm.     

Modified Wald statistics for generalized linear models

Summary: Wald statistics in generalized linear models are asymptotically ² distributed. The asymptotic chi–squared law of the corresponding quadratic form shows disadvantages with respect to the approximation of the finite–sample distribution. It is shown by means of a comprehensive simulation study that improvements can be achieved by applying simple finite–sample size approximations to the distribution of the quadratic form in generalized linear models. These approximations are based on a ² distribution with an estimated degree of freedom that generalizes an approach by Patnaik and Pearson. Simulation studies confirm that nominal level is maintained with higher accuracy compared to the Wald statistics.     

Center and Distinguisher for Strings with Unbounded Alphabet

Consider two sets and of strings of length L with characters from an unbounded alphabet , i.e., the size of is not bounded by a constant and has to be taken into consideration as a parameter for input size. A closest string s* of is a string that minimizes the maximum of Hamming¹ distance(s, s*) over all string s : s . In contrast, a farthest string t* from maximizes the minimum of Hamming distance(t*,t) over all elements t: t . A distinguisher of from is a string that is close to every string in and far away from any string in . We obtain polynomial time approximation schemes to settle the above problems.     

Estimating population size with truncated sampling

Let X₁, X₂,…,X_n be independent, indentically distributed random variables with density f(x,θ) with respect to a σ-finite measure μ. Let R be a measurable set in the sample space X. The value of X is observable if X ? (X?R) and not otherwise. The number J of observable X’s is binomial, N, Q, Q = 1?P(X ? R). On the basis of J observations, it is desired to estimate N and θ. Estimators considered are conditional and unconditional maximum likelihood and modified maximum likelihood using a prior weight function to modify the likelihood before maximizing. Asymptotic expansions are developed for the [Ncirc]’s of the form [Ncirc] = N + α√N + β + o_p(1), where α and β are random variables. All estimators have the same α, which has mean 0, variance σ² (a function of θ) and is asymptotically normal. Hence all are asymptotically equivalent by the usual limit distributional theory. The β’s differ and Eβ can be considered an “asymptotic bias”. Formulas are developed to compare the asymptotic biases of the various estimators. For a scale parameter family of absolutely continuous distributions with X = (0,∞) and R = (T,∞), special formuli are developed and a best estimator is found.     

“按说”的话语标记性及语篇功能

按说是一个话语标记,它通常关联三个语篇单位:A.陈述某个事实依据;B.依照常理推导出一个结论命题;C.陈述与此命题相反的另一事实。按说具有表示推测的传信功能,可靠性等级居中。在语篇中,有衔接AB和BC的功能,常常能起到承上启下的作用。