人物绘本和拟人化动物绘本教育效果差异研究——来自幼儿利他性助人行为干预的实验证据

绘本对幼儿的人格发展起着重要的教育作用。根据绘本角色类型,可以将绘本分为人物绘本和拟人化动物绘本。这两种绘本在幼儿人格教育方面是否存在效果差异是当前国际幼儿教育领域正在探讨的一个热点问题。本研究选取176名332-631岁幼儿为研究对象,以助人主题绘本（角色类型为人物/拟人化动物）为实验材料,通过利他性助人行为情境,考察绘本的角色类型对幼儿利他性助人行为的影响。结果发现：人物绘本在提高幼儿利他性助人行为方面显著优于拟人化动物绘本。     

明初军额考

明代军队分京营、边兵、外卫三种,其军额变化情况是一个尚待深入研究的问题。明初北边官兵约有69万,而《万历明会典》有关明初军数“原额”的记载只有大同一镇比较符合史实。京营方面,洪武朝“居重驭轻”之制根本没有得到贯彻,永乐时期才是真正的实施阶段,而且不久便趋于衰落。     

固定电机驱动的平面关节型机器人无参数运动学标定

针对传统平面关节型机器人（简称SCARA）运动臂质量大的缺点,设计一种固定电机驱动的SCARA。为提高其 精度用无参数化标定的方法进行运动学标定,根据D-H方法,在空间坐标转换的基础上建立了该SCARA的数学模型, 得到杆件间相对位置关系;通过外部测量设备测出末端执行器的位姿,利用运动学正逆解解出实际位姿与理论位姿之间 驱动输入的差值,补偿到理论的输入中,得到补偿后的动平台位姿。通过计算机仿真表明该标定方法能极大提高末端执 行器的位置精度,证明了无参数化标定方法的有效性和可靠性。     

从“胳膊拧不过大腿”和「長いものに巻 かれろ」看中日“时务观”

“胳膊拧不过大腿”这句谚语在汉语语境下广为流传,在汉日谚语对译时通常采用意译的方法,将它与「長いものに巻かれろ」对应起来。值得注意的是,它们仅仅在某一意义领域相同,而在故事原型和具体运用上存在很大的差异。从根本上来讲,这是中日不同民族文化的反映。这两句谚语体现的截然不同的“时务观”是差异产生的主要原因。     

Adaptive designs for best treatment identification with top-two Thompson sampling and acceleration

We consider outcome adaptive phase II or phase II/III trials to identify the best treatment for further development. Different from many other multi-arm multi-stage designs, we borrow approaches for the best arm identification in multi-armed bandit (MAB) approaches developed for machine learning and adapt them for clinical trial purposes. The best arm identification in MAB focuses on the error rate of identification at the end of the trial, but we are also interested in the cumulative benefit of trial patients, for example, the frequency of patients treated with the best treatment. In particular, we consider Top-Two Thompson Sampling (TTTS) and propose an acceleration approach for better performance in drug development scenarios in which the sample size is much smaller than that considered in machine learning applications. We also propose a variant of TTTS (TTTS2) which is simpler, easier for implementation, and has comparable performance in small sample settings. An extensive simulation study was conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach in multiple typical scenarios in drug development.