Employment and the Risk of Domestic Abuse Among Low‐Income Women

This paper uses data from 2 randomized evaluations of welfare‐to‐work programs—the Minnesota Family Investment Program and the National Evaluation of Welfare‐to‐Work Strategies—to estimate the effect of employment on domestic abuse among low‐income single mothers. Unique to our analysis is the application of a 2‐stage least squares method, in which random assignment enables us to control for omitted characteristics that might otherwise confound the association between employment and domestic abuse. We find that increased maternal employment decreases subsequent reports of domestic abuse in both studies. In the Minnesota Family Investment Program—a program with an enhanced income disregard that allowed welfare mothers to keep a portion of their welfare income as earnings rose—an increase in household incomes appears to have contributed to reductions in reports of domestic abuse.     

“资助”与“育人”：助学指导工作的必然选择

笔者针对目前高校资助工作中的“依赖现象”、“信用缺失问题”、“贫困生的心理问题”等，分析了高校对贫困生“资助”与“育人”相结合的必要性，结合助学指导工作实践提出了四点措施：（1）国家助学贷款工作与信用教育相结合；（2）无偿资助与感恩教育、回报社会活动相结合；（3）勤工助学与能力培养相结合；（4）针对性活动与心理教育、思想教育相结合。     

Poverty,public assistance,and children in intact and single-mother families

This article examines the effects of poverty, public assistance, and family structure on school-age children's home environment and developmental outcomes using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The central question of this study is whether public support negatively affects school-age children's developmental outcomes, thereby contributing to the intergenerational transmission of welfare dependency. The results show that long duration and late timing of poverty have a detrimental effect on home environment and child developmental outcomes. Long duration of public assistance disturbs reading ability for children of intact families only. Late timing of public assistance actually enhances the cognitive and emotional environment and has a greater effect on the emotional environment for single-mother families. Long duration and late timing of single motherhood are detrimental to the emotional environment. Taken together, the findings suggest that the process of intergenerational transmission of welfare dependency during school-age years is primarily attributable to poverty and single motherhood rather than the duration and timing of public assistance. This study was supported in part by a William T. Grant Foundation research grant and in part by Grant No. 5-T32-HD07329-07 from the Center for Population Research, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), to the RAND Corporation. Her research interests include the family and public policy, particularly single mothers and their children. She received her Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1990.     

Trends among social assistance recipients in Sweden since 1945

The proportion of the Swedish population that receives means-tested social assistance has not decreased since 1945. This has been cited as a surprising research finding, since there has been a general increase in the standard of living and in income equality during the same period. The income of assistance recipients is no lower than for a substantial minority of the non-recipient population. This analysis shows that assistance recipients differ from others with low incomes in that they have less wealth and more problems concerning welfare or standard of living. It is shown that groups that traditionally have had an overrepresentation of assistance recipients have generally increased in size since 1945. Even though supply-side hypotheses cannot be ruled out as explanations for the non-decrease of social assistance, evidence indicates the persistence of people in need of assistance due to their marginal economic position in the Swedish welfare state.     

Toward a Descriptive Model of Humanitarian Assistance Coordination

This paper argues that the operating environment of humanitarian assistance is best conceived as an interorganizational social network or regime and that the problem of power and authority in such situations must be re-founded or reconceived accordingly. This contention is developed to contribute to an important ongoing dialogue among analysts concerning how humanitarian aid may most effectively be delivered in the context of a realistic appraisal of the structural and operating conditions in which it is offered. The paper first outlines the primary elements of the organizational environment in which humanitarian efforts must proceed, next suggests a way of thinking about how one might conceive of those conditions that builds on recent work, and then sketches the elements of a strategic contingency approach to the humanitarian assistance coordination dilemma. This analytical frame leads one to rethink assumptions concerning how best to conceptualize both the environment and the behavior of humanitarian organizations engaged in providing assistance in emergency situations and to suggest that theory building for this domain of study should now turn to a network-based and strategically contingent perspective for its foundation.

救助、就业与福利依赖——兼论关于中国低保制度“养懒汉”的担忧

西方关于福利依赖及其对就业的负面影响的讨论从1980年起成为热点,主流观点认为救助对于贫富差距的调节作用有限,且可能造成福利依赖,不利于就业甚至影响经济发展。受其影响,近年来中国学界和公共平台也出现了关于低保这项救助制度"养懒汉"的担忧。文章通过回顾国内外现有的理论和经验研究,分析了救助是否必然导致福利依赖、就业是否能避免福利依赖以及中国的低保制度是否存在"养懒汉"问题这三个议题,提出救助、就业和福利依赖的关系是复杂的,它并非通常认为的"救助会导致福利依赖,而就业能避免福利依赖"。救助和就业并非"对立"或简单的替代关系,应从"协调"的角度来重新认识二者关系。     

社会主义核心价值观视角下高校“精神扶贫”路径探析

通过论述社会主义核心价值观视角下高校“精神扶贫”的内涵，阐明了二者间的契合性及用社会主义核心价值观指导高校精神扶贫工作的必要性，探索了社会主义核心价值观对“精神扶贫”工作顶层设计的意义，并用社会主义核心价值观指引“文化扶贫”“心理调适”“技能培训”等路径，旨在进一步提升高校“精神扶贫”的实效性。     

Building Local Democracy: The Role of Western Assistance in Poland

This article argues that foreign assistance, as an external force, has played an important role in shaping the local democracy-building process in Poland. The local context, which is omitted from the transition debate, is considered, and the influence that U.S. public donors exercised at the local scale is highlighted. The article claims that the delayed commitment on the part of these donors to local democracy and to the building of self-governing capacities and participatory practices has undermined the stability and effectiveness of the reforms in Poland. It is shown how this process took place through three different constructs: initial lack of direct assistance; the form under which this assistance was provided; and the donors' selectivity of recipients, both in terms of social groups and of geographic areas. It concludes by outlining areas where changes of assistance delivery should be made both by the donors and recipient communities.     

两汉社会救助思想

两汉时期是中国传统社会救助制度和救助思想形成与发展的重要时期,救助对象主要包括“高年、鳏、寡、孤、独及笃癃,无家属贫不能自存者”等社会弱势群体。以国家救助为主要救助方式,救助内容和措施有蠲免徭役、赋税,减轻刑罚,赈济生活用品,问医施药,掩埋遗骸等。同时,大力提倡宗族救助和民间义行,作为国家救助的有效补充。     

对我国农村反贫困体系的思考

近年来,越来越严重的犯罪问题和群体性事件对我国农村的反贫困提出了紧迫性要求,而我国以扶贫开发为主的反贫困政策导致反贫困的不完备性,扶贫政策只能解决一部分个体的一部分贫困问题。由于政府责任缺失,我国农村社会救助体系建设与运行状况不理想。我国农村的反贫困体系应该包括扶贫开发、社会救助和产业救助三个方面。