Combinatoric classification of multivariate normal variates

Consider classifying an n × I observation vector as coming from one of two multivariate normal distributions which differ both in mean vectors and covariance matrices. A class of dis-crimination rules based upon n independent univariate discrim-inate functions is developed yielding exact misclassification probabilities when the population parameters are known. An efficient search of this class to select the procedure with minimum expected misclassification is made by employing an algorithm of the implicit enumeration type used in integer programming. The procedure is applied to the classification of male twins as either monozygotic or dizygotic.     

英语边缘介词的探讨

英语界对摫咴到榇蕯的提法较模糊，尚无系统的阐述，文章通过对其定义、特点和分类进行较全面的分析，尤其是对边缘介词中最活跃的部分棗分词介词作了细致探讨，旨在唤起英语工作者和读者关注此类摫咴禂词的存在，并掌握英语边缘介词的使用规律．     

职务犯罪分类研究

职务是构成职务犯罪的前提和基础，因此对职务内涵的理解是界定职务犯罪概念的关键，也是对职务犯罪进行分类的必需。从犯罪主体、犯罪客体、犯罪行为方式、行为特征等十个方面，对职务犯罪进行了分类，目的在于加深对职务犯罪本质的认识，区别不同职务犯罪的特殊性，为制定有效的惩治和预防职务犯罪的对策提供理论依据。     

The macroeconomics of fertility in small open economies: A test of the Becker-Barro model for The Netherlands and New Zealand

Becker and Barro (1988) formulated a theoretical model which identified a range of macroeconomic variables which can temporarily or permanently affect fertility in small open economies. This article tests the Becker-Barro model with relevant data which covers most of the 20th century for two small open economies, namely The Netherlands and New Zealand. The results show that government subsidies for having children have a strong positive effect on fertility, while the provision of public pensions has a strong negative effect. The degree of intergenerational altruism appears to have been declining. Moreover, there is only weak support for the hypothesis that real interest rates positively influence fertility. Received: 2 March 1998/Accepted: 1 September 1999     

Age structure effects and growth in the OECD, 1950–1990

Economic growth depends on human resources and human needs. The demographic age structure shapes both of these factors. We study five-year data from the OECD countries 1950–1990 in the framework of an age structure augmented neoclassical growth model with gradual technical adjustment. The model performs well in both pooled and panel estimations. The growth patterns of GDP per worker (labor productivity) in the OECD countries are to a large extent explained by age structure changes. The 50–64 age group has a positive influence, and the group above 65 contributes negatively, while younger age groups have ambiguous effects. However, the mechanism behind these age effects is not yet resolved. Received: 16 January 1997/Accepted: 2 July 1998     

Analysis of child labour in Peru and Pakistan: A comparative study

This paper analyses child labour participation and its key determinants using data sets from Peru and Pakistan. The results include tests of the ‘Luxury’ and ‘Substitution’ hypotheses that play key roles in recent studies on child labour and child schooling. The results reject both hypotheses in the context of child labour in Pakistan and suggest that income and related variables do not have the expected negative effect on children's work input. Rising wages of adult female labour in Pakistan, and falling adult male wage in Peru lead to increased participation of children in the labour market. The results on the combined country data formally establish the presence of strong individual country effects in the estimated regressions. For example, ceteris paribus, a Peruvian child is more likely to experience schooling than a Pakistani child. However, both countries agree on the positive role that adult female education and infrastructure investment in basic amenities can play in discouraging child labour and encouraging child schooling. Received: 24 August 1998/Accepted: 10 March 1999     

论税收学第一个理论体系的形成与历史价值

税收历史上的第一个学科理论体系是资产阶级在反对封建生产方式的斗争中,为了发展新的生产力的需要,由三位伟大的英国经济学家建立起来的。这个理论体系第一次系统地提出了关于税收性质、税收原则、税收分类等重要问题的最初科学看法。这些看法中的某些重要观点,对于我国建立中国特色社会主义的税收理论体系,仍具有重要的启迪和借鉴价值。     

苏赋十题

本文首为苏赋辨伪,认为《苏轼文集》所收苏赋27篇,有两篇非苏轼作品。次为苏赋编年,二至五题逐篇考订了苏赋的写作时间。再次为苏赋辨体,六至八题分别论述了苏轼的骚体赋、律赋和文赋,认为苏赋诸体皆备,苏轼以文赋闻名于赋史,但他的文赋并不多。九题论苏轼仍以骈赋为多,着重论苏赋分类,认为苏赋题材十分丰富,含议政、纪游、吊古、咏物,苏轼不善饮酒,而咏酒赋特多。十题是比较二苏赋之异同,苏辙现存赋仅9篇,远较苏轼为少,作《缸砚赋》时年仅17岁,比《赤壁赋》的写作时间早25年。其《服菔苓赋》在当时已传到契丹,其《黄楼赋》尤为有名,杨万里甚至把《黄楼赋》与前后《赤壁赋》相提并论。     

运营企业理念的分类及历史演变

提出了运营企业的新概念,简要区分了运营企业与企业管理、企业经营的区别,进而提出了运营企业的理念分类。分析了六种不同的理念,分析和阐述六种理念的核心观点和理论模型及在不同历史时期的不同表现,认为运营企业的理念处于不断的发展和演化过程中。     

On the power of durbin-watson statistic against fractionally integrated processes

This paper provides the theoretical explanation and Monte Carlo experiments of using a modified version of Durbin-Watson ( D W ) statistic to test an 1 ( 1 ) process against I ( d ) alternatives, that is, integrated process of order d, where d is a fractional number. We provide the exact order of magnitude of the modified D W test when the data generating process is an I ( d ) process with d E (0. 1.5). Moreover, the consistency of the modified DW statistic as a unit root test against I ( d ) alternatives with d E ( 0 , l ) U ( 1 , 1.5) is proved in this paper. In addition to the theoretical analysis, Monte Carlo experiments show that the performance of the modified D W statistic reveals that it can be used as a unit root test against I ( d ) alternatives.