英汉“上／下”方位隐喻的认知文化对比分析

许多抽象概念的认知需借助于方位隐喻.由"上/下(up / down)"域产生的隐喻是应用最普遍的一种方位隐喻,它以"上/下(up / down)"的空间意义为核心拓展出一系列丰富的隐喻意义.本文对英汉方位隐喻中的"上/下"源域进行初步探讨,分析其认知基础,并深入剖析英汉语中"上/下"方位隐喻差异及其认知、文化根源     

Analysing non-doctrinal socialization: re-assessing the role of cognition to account for social cohesion in the Religious Society of Friends

To incorporate newcomers into membership, a group employs socialization strategies to transform the characteristics of the newcomers, so that it can admit them with the confidence that their behaviour will not endanger group unity. Analyses of socialization emphasize that novices' interiorization of an institutional definition of group behaviour is a necessary condition to ensure successful socialization. The contemporary Religious Society of Friends in Britain, however, is a non-doctrinal religious movement that avoids defining the content of its beliefs and practices. To analyse the socializing interaction between members and newcomers in this movement in Britain, and among co-religionists in the USA, this inquiry applies a model of socialization that does not include assumptions about the role played by cognition in socialization (Long and Hadden 1983). My results show that: (a) the diffuseness in Friends' collective explanations of institutional conduct supports novices' identification with institutional practice, and (b) experimental and affective components in socialization motivate novices to imitate institutional behaviour despite the fact that Friends have no authoritative explanations of such behaviour. The data suggest that socialization and social cohesion are not necessarily as strongly cognitive-oriented phenomena as they were previously thought to be. This finding has important implications for thinking about social cohesion in postmodern society.     

解读“80后”大学生道德认识矛盾性提高德育效益

为了探索新形势下实施德育的有效途径,提高德育效益,笔者针对“80后”大学生的道德认识进行了问卷抽查。在对调查结果进行综合分析的基础上,认识到：“80后”大学生的道德认识具有矛盾性,并分析了道德认识矛盾性的原因,重点从三个层面提出提高德育效益的途径：第一,社会层面,重构社会高层价值体系;第二,学校层面,要树立全员育人的大德育观念,内容要具有可接受性,方法上要加强情境性教育、体验性教育;第三,大学生要注重自我教育。     

When Futures Meet the Present

In this essay, I respond to Mische's work on projection and the research of future action. Further, I suggest a tri-partite framework of mechanisms—one I have termed "political semiosis"—that allows historical actors to materially and figuratively reorient and realign the past, present, and future in projects of transformation.     

Confronting Anxiety in Couple and Family Therapy Supervision: A Developmental Supervisory Model Based on Attachment Theory

Referencing relevant supervisory literature and attachment theory, this article presents a developmental couple and family therapy supervisory model that emphasises the efficacy of the supervisory relationship. Issues concerning anxiety, cognition and learning theory are addressed and phases in the supervisory process are identified and described. Cognitive, emotional and social development are linked to attachment theory and discussed in the supervisory context.     

互动在认知建构中的定位

认知在互动过程中不断趋同,又不断分化与超越。互动使各种不同表征的认知系统相互作用,联结建构成具有差异的统一体。在互动过程中,互动个体的认知状态经历了＂初始建构者＂＂孤独建构者＂和＂社会建构者＂三个不同阶段。互动建构的知识并非都是真理。互动所形成的稳定语境,即具有排他性,也具有保护性。权力强加于社会,迫使个体参与权力规训的社会互动,使社会语境发生了根本性的改变,但有时权力无法抗拒原有社会语境从而默认原有社会语境的存在。     

道德认知的默会维度——基于认知结构的分析

在道德认知的研究中,对认知结构、道德判断在认知过程中的作用方式存在不同见解,需要一种新的认识进路来诠释。采用默会知识论的一些观点来分析道德认知,可以发现,默会认识的结构与道德认知结构都从格式塔学派的观点发展而来,在发展方向上也都强调认识者主动的整合能力和结构的动态平衡。道德认知的结构与内容之间的关系,与默会知识论中知道怎样(knowhow)和知道那个事实(knowthat)之间的关系表述在方式上基本一致,并强调道德判断的产生须借助于道德主体的情感和价值取向在具体特定条件下完成。因此,道德认知具备人类认识的默会维度,道德认知的发展需要两个必不可少的条件:道德判断能力的发展,以及个体在道德认知结构中的身体在位。道德认知的默会维度支持一种实践性的教育方法,强调通过生活实践来促进道德认知结构的发展,从而最终促进道德的发展。     

Cognitive skills and leadership performance: The nine critical skills

Over the years, a growing body of evidence indicates that certain cognitive skills are a critical determinant of leader performance. In the present effort we show that application of these skills is typically founded in case-based knowledge. Subsequently, we identify nine key skills people in leadership positions employ when working with case-based knowledge to address leadership problems: 1) problem definition, 2) cause/goal analysis, 3) constraint analysis, 4) planning, 5) forecasting, 6) creative thinking, 7) idea evaluation, 8) wisdom, and 9) sensemaking/visioning. Individual and situational contingencies shaping effective application of these thinking skills is discussed. In addition, the implications of findings bearing on leader thinking skills for leader assessment and leader development are considered.     

论意志在认识中的作用

意志在认识中具有多方面的作用 ,其中最基本的是 :定向作用、控制作用和调节作用。意志在认识中的能动作用是在实践中产生和发展的。主体意志的变化与其所处的外部社会文化环境的变化并非绝对同步的。主体意志具有自身的相对独立性。单独拓展对主体意志认识中的作用的研究 ,具有很大的必要性。     

八卦、信息与翻译

文章从信息结构模式的角度探讨了易经八卦在翻译实践中的指导作用。八卦和翻译都属于一般意义上的人类认知范畴,八卦的产生体现出古人处理信息的一般顺序和方法,其中折射出人类认知的基本规律。而翻译是在两种语言文化之间进行的一种信息传播。所以,把八卦中体现出的处理信息的基本原理用来指导翻译实践,不但可行,而且还具有简洁易懂的特点。