Tracing ‘driver’ versus ‘modulator’ information flow throughout large-scale,task-related neural circuitry

Primary objective: To determine the relative uses of neural action potential (‘spike’) data versus local field potentials (LFPs) for modeling information flow through complex brain networks. Hypothesis: The common use of LFP data, which are continuous and therefore more mathematically suited for spectral information-flow modeling techniques such as Granger causality analysis, can lead to spurious inferences about whether a given brain area ‘drives’ the spiking in a downstream area. Experiment: We recorded spikes and LFPs from the forelimb motor cortex (M1) and the magnocellular red nucleus (mRN), which receives axon collaterals from M1 projection cells onto its distal dendrites, but not onto its perisomatic regions, as rats performed a skilled reaching task. Results and implications: As predicted, Granger causality analysis on the LFPs—which are mainly composed of vector-summed dendritic currents—produced results that if conventionally interpreted would suggest that the M1 cells drove spike firing in the mRN, whereas analyses of spiking in the two recorded regions revealed no significant correlations. These results suggest that mathematical models of information flow should treat the sampled dendritic activity as more likely to reflect intrinsic dendritic and input-related processing in neural networks, whereas spikes are more likely to provide information about the output of neural network processing.     

功能目的论视角下应用文体翻译新解

应用文体翻译涉及范围广,面对学科多,在翻译实践中存在着指导理论不确定,翻译目的不清楚,翻译手段和翻译策略不适宜等诸多问题.以功能目的理论为指导,贯彻目的法则、连贯法则、忠实法则进行应用文体翻译实践,运用实例分析应用文体翻译过程中常见的问题.     

英语阐释性说明文层级连贯

针对英语专业作文中存在的主题不够突出、结构不合理、条理性不清等连贯性问题,结合低语境文化、主位推进模式、衔接手段等理论,提出英语阐释性说明文层级连贯作为解决方案。采用实证研究法,对英语专业实验班和对照班的阐释性说明文进行了层级连贯的横向和纵向对比研究。结果证明：层级连贯培训有助于学生作文水平的提高,培训后学生作文在主题、结构和条理性方面有明显进步。     

从认知语言学角度看影响句子结构的因素

日常生活中人们主要靠语言来传递思想,没有语言这个媒介,人们之间的交流会困难得多。要想达到成功交际的目的,交际者产出的必须是交际双方所在文化认可的、有一定结构的句子。认知语言学研究语言背后的认知理据,揭示语言的本质。通过从认知语言学角度分析交际者使用特定句子结构的原因,认为动词、动词所在构式、识解方式、象似性、语篇连贯的需求等是影响交际者选择某种特定句子结构的因素,从而为交际者使用的句子结构提供深层次上的认知理据。     

转喻与语篇连贯的建构

转喻是人类基本的认知方式之一,是在同一认知域内用一个范畴激活另一个范畴的映现过程,以邻近性为基础。转喻思维存在于语篇的生成和理解过程中,转喻关系可以影响语篇表层理解中指称、替代和省略的衔接关系,也可作用于语篇深层次理解心理表征的认知机制,对语篇连贯的建构起着重要作用。     

从认知葡度看转喻对语篇连贯的影响

转喻不仅是一种语言修辞手段,也是一种认知过程。转喻作为认知语言学的基本构成理论成分之一。将为不同层面上的意义构建,特别是语篇的连贯提供新的研究视角。本文从认知语言学的理论出发,对转喻在语篇连贯所起到的作用进行了分析,得出转喻思维能够为语篇的连贯性做出合理的解释,转喻可以从五种认知关系中构建语篇的连贯性。     

The effect of objective job demands on registered sickness absence spells; do personal,social and job-related resources act as moderators?

Abstract

This study applied Karaseks demand-control model, using sense of coherence (SOC), social support and job control as moderators of effects of job demands on ensuing sickness absence spells in a 3-year follow-up of 856 municipal employees. Among men the results supported the active learning hypothesis. Passive jobs predicted a high number of sickness absence spells and active jobs predicted a low number of spells. for short spells (1-3 days), the demand-control interaction, however, depended on SOC. In active jobs SOC was negatively associated with sickness absence spells; in passive jobs no such association was found. For long spells (3 days), the demand-control interaction depended on occupational level; active jobs were predictive of low absence spells among blue collar men. Among women, the results supported the strain hypothesis. The demand-control interaction, however, depended on household size. In small households, high-strain jobs predicted a high number of spells, while no increase in spells was found in active versus low-strain jobs. In larger households, the number of spells correlated positively with increasing demands even when control was good. The demand-control interaction, however, depended on SOC and spouse support. With strong SOC or spouse support, absence spells in active jobs remained on a relatively low level, otherwise active jobs led to a high number of spells. This suggests that SOC and spouse support may act as protective factors against female role conflicts associated with active jobs     

经济资本配置的一致性方法——τ值法

经济资本配置在商业银行风险管理中发挥着重要作用。首先结合破产问题的研究介绍了子值法及其满足的特性,然后论证了其用于银行经济资本配置的合理性。最后,证明了τ值法是一致性的经济资本分配方法。     

基于书面语的语篇衔接与连贯的显性研究

作为篇章语言学的一个重要范畴,语篇衔接与连贯受到语言教学领域越来越多的重视和应用。语言教学应从传统词句为主走向以篇章为主,从更为广泛和宏观的角度来对待语言教学。本文分析了对书面语篇所体现的显性的语篇衔接与连贯,阐述了教与学中衔接与连贯理论的实际应用。     

语用预设在文学语篇中的功能探究

语用预设策略作为一种动态的、不稳定的、复杂的语言现象,在文学作品中常有运用。文章主要论述了语用预设的经济性、衔接性、戏剧性及多维性,并分析证明了预设能够帮助读者理解作品中人物巧妙交谈、言外之意、技巧地传递信息,对于人物形象的刻画、故事情节的发展等方面的作用。