疑问代词“怎么”的否定用法考察

疑问代词除了表示询问、任指和虚指外,还有一个重要的用法,即用在反问句中表示否定。文章以＂怎么＂为例,根据其出现的语言环境,分类考察了＂怎么＋AD＋VP＂用于表示否定出现的句法环境、语义以及功能,并从反问句的句法机制和主观性因素的角度分析了其表示否定意义的原因。     

Urban “slums” and social mobility

Informal urban settlements determine the wellbeing of a large section of global humanity. Yet there has been little research on their role in facilitating social mobility. In theory such settlements may foster human progress by linking rural–urban migrants to the services, contacts and livelihoods concentrated in cities. The article uses longitudinal data for South Africa to explore the magnitude of social progression among people living within informal settlements compared with rural areas and formal urban areas. It finds that there may be some advantage from living in an informal settlement compared with a rural area, but the effect is not strong. The impact may be larger in the more prosperous Gauteng city‐region than in other urban regions.     

RESEARCH NOTE Some evidence against the assumption that approval of family planning is associated with frequency of spouses' discussion of the subject

Much previous work on the relationship between respondent's reported frequency of discussion with spouse about family planning and correctness of reporting spouse's approval of family planning has led to the conclusion that discussion promotes approval. In this paper, data from the 1998 Kenya Demographic and Health Surveys are used to show that a focus on the relationship between frequency of discussion and correctness of reporting partner's disapproval of family planning leads to sceptical conclusions about the effects of discussion in improving knowledge of partner's attitude or in promoting approval.     

The Steiner Tree Problem in Kalmanson Matrices and in Circulant Matrices

We investigate the computational complexity of two special cases of the Steiner tree problem where the distance matrix is a Kalmanson matrix or a circulant matrix, respectively. For Kalmanson matrices we develop an efficient polynomial time algorithm that is based on dynamic programming. For circulant matrices we give an -hardness proof and thus establish computational intractability.     

Terrorist Population Dynamics Model

A system that includes a number of terrorist cells is considered. The cells can consist of one or more terrorists. The current number of terrorist cells is further denoted by N(t), where t is a current time counted from any appropriate origin. The objective is to find the evolution of the system in terms of N(t) and some interpretable parameters, such as the initial number of the terrorist cells N0=N(0), the cell disabling rate constant lambda (or the cell half-life t1/2), and the rate of formation of new cells P. The cost-effectiveness analysis, performed in the framework of the model, reveals that the effectiveness of disabling a terrorist cell is getting worse after 2-3 half-lives of a cell, which shows that if the anti-terrorist actions have not reached their goal during that time, the respective policy should be considered for revision, using the risk assessment consideration. Another important issue raised concerns balancing the efforts related to counterterrorism actions inside the system and the efforts protecting its borders. The respective data analysis is suggested and illustrated using simulated data.     

Center and Distinguisher for Strings with Unbounded Alphabet

Consider two sets and of strings of length L with characters from an unbounded alphabet , i.e., the size of is not bounded by a constant and has to be taken into consideration as a parameter for input size. A closest string s* of is a string that minimizes the maximum of Hamming¹ distance(s, s*) over all string s : s . In contrast, a farthest string t* from maximizes the minimum of Hamming distance(t*,t) over all elements t: t . A distinguisher of from is a string that is close to every string in and far away from any string in . We obtain polynomial time approximation schemes to settle the above problems.     

“按说”的话语标记性及语篇功能

按说是一个话语标记,它通常关联三个语篇单位:A.陈述某个事实依据;B.依照常理推导出一个结论命题;C.陈述与此命题相反的另一事实。按说具有表示推测的传信功能,可靠性等级居中。在语篇中,有衔接AB和BC的功能,常常能起到承上启下的作用。     

院校研究开展外部管理咨询的探讨

目前中国院校研究正从“对象化”走向“实践化”，为数不多的院校研究实践都是一种内部管理咨询活动，是典型的自我研究。为了推进院校研究在中国取得新突破，院校研究在做好内部管理咨询的同时，也要尝试积极开展外部管理咨询，为外校提供专业水平的咨询服务。     

释甲骨金文中的“宜”字

甲骨金文中的“ ”应该释为“宜”，本义是陈肉之器。这种意义的“宜”用作动词，意思是把祭牲陈设到肉案上献给神灵，或把肉置放到肉案上献给尊贵的人。由动词的意义又引申有适宜、合适之义。它还有地名或国名、人名等用法。     

提高计算方法教学质量的方法探讨

文章阐述了提高计算方法教学质量的意义以及指导式教学法的内涵,在教学实践中应用指导式教学法取得了良好的效果。