建构主义理论在外语教学中的运用

20世纪80年代以后,以认知主义理论为基础的建构主义理论在外语教学领域中逐渐流行起来,成为国际科学教育改革的主流理论。建构主义理论的产生和发展,以及其教学理论,包括知识观、学习观、教师观和课程观在外语教学中都起着重要作用。外语教师通过学习并研究建构主义理论,能够帮助学生培养学生创新精神和实践能力,从而推进外语教学的改革。     

客观性与境域性——道德实在论的收敛

道德实在论是应对道德多元主义而兴起的。它为寻求道德的确定性,收敛到道德的客观性,但这面临着事实和价值之间的矛盾。因而,它又收敛到人类都有关于建立美好社会的愿望的共识,但这种观点不仅面临着理想人以及知识和信仰之间跳跃的问题,而且将其设为目标来追求,还会导致专制和道德虚无主义的困境。只有走出理论思辨,采取局部的实践哲学的方法和根本的存在论境域的方法,才能解决自己的困境。     

Essentialism and Islamic Theology of Homosexuality: A Critical Reflection on an Essentialist Epistemology toward Same-Sex Desires and Acts in Islam

Although most traditional Muslim scholars condemn same-sex desires and acts, revisionist Muslim scholars have offered a more tolerant approach on this issue over the last two decades. Building on an essentialist approach to same-sex desires and acts, these scholars have argued that Islam accepts difference and diversity, including sexual diversity, as part of God’s creation. Homosexuality, which in their view is an innate disposition to the same sex, is an alternative sexuality and, thus, accepted by the Qur’an and Islam. This article argues that an essentialist approach is not suitable to defend all manifestations of same-sex desires and acts, not only because it is narrow (as it excludes both bisexual Muslims and homosexual Muslims who believe that their sexual orientation is socially constructed), but also because it cannot even argue the case for the view of homosexuality as inborn. This article proposes to open up the debate beyond essentialism and constructivism, which both have their limitations, to accommodate a more inclusive and tolerant Islamic approach to same-sex desires and acts.     

社会建构论视角下的现代城市社区意识

社区意识的内涵与社会建构论的本质意涵具有内在一致性,二者具有方法上的互补性和价值追求上的一致性．社会建构论为目前处于缺失状态下的社区意识的培育提供了一个极佳的分析视角。认为社区设施与活动、社区社会组织与社会资本及社区整合的社会建构是培育社区意识的有效路径。     

Más allá de la sociología. Sobre catástrofes,expertos y comunidades

We could state that a catastrophic discourse is one that refers to a catastrophe which is avoided by the same discourse. This kind of discourse stimulates cautious behaviours. It is necessary that the actors do not know that the catastrophe exists and that they are avoiding it so that this situation can work. Nevertheless, the analyst knows everything. The catastrophic discourse takes part in a stable situation in which the analyst's knowledge is directly proportional to the actor alienation. The economist knows that unstable situations like panic produce an opposite phenomenon: the analyst does not know very well what is going on but the actor knows how to manage. If the market, as well as stable operation, permits instability, the prevention of catastrophes could admit an unstable one, similar to panic and together with the catastrophic solution. This paper suggests some concepts to think about this unstable and anticatastrophic situation. They are notions which give prominence to ‘emergentism’, autopoiesis and uncertainty. The reinterpretation of the Hobbesian natural state developed by Foucault, the analysis of the mobilization power of fear by Bataille and the unpolitical reflections of the community which have been proposed by Esposito, Nancy and Agamben will be reinterpreted in order to achieve this goal.     

解构主义视域下的语篇分析

语篇分析不仅是理解字面的意义或拘泥于形式上对语篇内容的再现,通过把读者观点与作者观点进行对照并使之＂问题化＂,排除语篇中的时空单一性,解构语篇的中心,在此提出发掘语篇中大量的隐性观点和由此带来的语言能力发展机会,从而构建动态场式的语篇为新起点,以引起广阔的视野分析和语篇理解。     

对"进步"概念的哲学重审——兼评建构主义的"进步"观念

本文通过考察进步概念的起源和演进,指出了在哲学上重审这一概念的必要性与可能性。通过分析进步概念所包含的两个基本因素,即事实因素和价值因素,以及进步的过去向度和未来向度,作者勾画了进步概念的基本结构,探讨了人类为何可以朝积极的方向塑造未来。虽然进步意味着向好的方向转化,但进步的时间结构并不以直线性的方式展开。开放的进步观与开放的理性观密切相关。对强进步类和弱进步类的区分表明,进步的标准是多样的。但从政治人类学的观点来看,进步要以增进人的自由、尊严与幸福为目标。我们虽然要以进步的观点看进步,但我们也需要以批判的观点看进步,因为进步不仅解决问题,而且产生问题。     

培训 教育 发展——三种教师培养名称的内涵

有关教师培养的三种常见名称“培养”、“教育”、“发展”有其不同的涵义。章根据上述三种名称的内在涵义,探讨了行为主义、人主义和构建主义对教师培养范式的影响,揭示了由艺徒型到社会构建型的教师专业发展轨迹,并在此基础上,分析了我国教师培养工作的有关问题。     

认知建构主义学习观评析

认知建构主义在其发展过程中表现出六种不同倾向，在一定程度上它们都对知识的确定性和可靠性提出了怀疑，都把学习看成是学习者通过新旧经验间双向的相互作用而建构自己的经验体系的过程；但在“外部输入-内部生成”和“个体-社会”两个维度上，它们又表现出一定的分歧。