Who benefits from the adjustment process in developing countries? A test on India,Kenya, and Turkey

This paper employs country-specific multisectoral general equilibrium models of Turkey, Kenya, and India to study the adjustment problems confronting these countries. The effects of liberal and interventionist policies on GDP and on incomes of different classes are analyzed. The results show that liberal policies minimize the GDP losse that both capitalists and farmers are relatively better off under these policies, while industrial persons experience reduced welfare.     

Restructuring for import competition from developing countries,I: Labor displacement and economic redeployment in the United States

The widely-held belief that imports into America have been responsible for job losses in labor intensive industries is examined. It is shown that economic growth impacts on these industries, and that productivity growth and chaning demand patterns, have been quantitatively larger than changes in trade levels affecting employment in individual industries. It is concluded that protection can do very little to affect employment trends in affected industries.     

重释“等值”：从“对等”到“对应”

"等值"是翻译理论中的一个核心概念,同时也是一个颇受争议的概念。由于受到诸多因素的制约,翻译等值实质上是个变量,并呈现出一定的层次性和相对性。传统的规定性翻译理论往往从源语出发,事先设定等值的种种条件去指导译者的翻译实践并以此为标准去评判译文的优劣。然而,由于翻译行为要在很大程度上受到译语的语言规范和文化语境的制约,往往不能达到所谓的完全等值。因此,应该转变观念,转换视角.从目标语出发去观察和描述译本中的实际"对应"情况(包括等值和不等值的情况),并对影响和制约等值实现的诸多因素作出解释.进而探求翻译等值的规律性.并且在翻译实践中验证这些规律。     

中俄象征诗派“契合”观比较论

“契合”是象征主义诗学的核心所在,其哲学基础是“两个世界”的分开,而在中俄象征主义诗人的观念中,“两个世界”有不同的内涵,中国象征派诗人在潜在的心灵世界中寻求与客观世界的呼应,以期达到与万物冥合的境界,俄国象征派诗人则志于神秘的彼岸世界和永恒世界,在现实世界和神话世界的碰撞中形成了两种旋律,异质的“契合”观念决定了两种象征主义诗潮发展的不同路向。     

Mobility closure in the upper class: assessing time and forms of capital

Most understandings of the ways classes become social groupings centre on processes of mobility closure whereby mutual appreciation and recognition within classes arise from homogenous experiences over time. The mapping of such structured biographies, however, remains understudied. This paper explores intra‐ and intergenerational mobility patterns in the upper strata of the Norwegian class structure and aims to include temporal processes and multiple forms of capital in the quantification of class trajectories. By combining multiple correspondence analysis and social sequence analysis, two important but often neglected aspects of recruitment to the upper class are emphasized: first, by introducing multiple forms of capital, different ways of maintaining mobility closure are demonstrated; second, different pathways to power are highlighted by distinguishing between divergent class careers. A key aim of the analysis is to explore internal divisions within the upper class in forms of parental capital (an ‘origin space’) and link these divisions to a typology of ‘destination careers’ in adulthood. The analysis suggests that individuals from modest origins are more likely to have careers that feature a biographically late arrival and/or short‐term affiliations to upper‐class positions whereas individuals from families rich in capital are more likely to have stable careers in the upper‐class fractions from which they originate. The analysis thus reveals important divisions in the trajectories of Norwegians who reach the upper class; not only are there differences in their upbringing in terms of the availability of different amounts and types of capital but such divisions also seem linked to their own class careers later in adulthood.     

The effect of the mechanism and amount of missingness on subset correspondence analysis

The application of subset correspondence analysis is a relatively new technique to deal with the analysis of categorical data with missingness. A simulation study is used to test the effects of Little and Rubin's missingness mechanisms, as well as missingness up to 50% on subset correspondence analysis. Missingness was simulated across 18 different scenarios and each scenario was repeated 10 times, with outcomes averaged across the 10 simulations. In this application, it was found that while missingness in excess of 30% has some effect on certain outcomes, there is no evidence to suggest that the missingness mechanism significantly affects results.     

真之多元论与真之符合论——两种符合多元论之比较

“真”具有不同的涵义或真具有不同的性质已经成为一个公认的事实，由此产生真之多元论。然而，逻辑推理的“保真性”要求“真”具有单义性。如何使真概念的单义性和真性质的多元性相协调？对这一问题的探索导致向真之符合论的回归，其结果便是真之符合多元论的出现。笔者也持某种符合多元论的观点，其要点是：由“符合”的单义性来保证“真”的单义性，而“符合”的单义性是以外延等同论和内在符合论为基础的；单义的“符合”概念与多重实现的“存在”功能结合起来，达到真之一元论与真之多元论的统一。     

What is the Place for Megachurches? A Comparison of 22 American Cities Based on the Causes of Effects Approach1

The success of megachurches in America is often traced back to their strategic ability of mobilizing new members in a competitive, religious marketplace. This paper shifts the attention to the push factors of megachurch success. It develops a causes of effects approach, in which local place-based conditions in 22 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) are compared and related to megachurches. First, correspondence analysis (CA) is used to take into account a large set of explanatory conditions such as religious and ethnic group affiliations, social structural conditions as well as value orientations. CA reveals that megachurches are typically successful in MSAs characterized by an evangelical hegemony. Second, qualitative comparative analysis shows that population growth and suburbanization are necessary conditions for a high share of megachurches. An analysis of sufficient conditions leads to three propositions: Megachurches grow in cities (1) where a large closed evangelical community exists; (2) where a large upward oriented Christian immigrant community exists; (3) and in tolerant (and educated) areas—in conjuncture with the presence of a larger community of Protestants.