An Analysis of Damage to U.S. Soybean Yields from 1982 Acid Deposition Levels

Experimental data were compiled for seven soybean varieties studied at four different locations in the U.S. for a period of one to three years. Three dose–response functions (linear, quadratic, and Weibull) were fitted, as appropriate, to the experimental data. Effects of acid deposition on soybean yields were estimated by combining variety-specific dose–response and production data. These calculations suggest that U.S. soybean production (2.2 billion bushels in 1982) would increase by 3.2 million bushels with a 10% reduction in 1982 hydrogen ion concentration levels in all counties where soybeans were grown, and by almost 70 million bushels with uniform improvement to pH 5.2. These estimates are based on many simplifying assumptions and are subject to several important sources of uncertainty explored in this study. The calculated changes are small in comparison with effects from other natural and anthropogenic stresses.     

论医疗损害赔偿责任承担机制

医学作为一门实用科学在整个人类史上占有举足轻重的地位,对于保障人类健康、延长人类寿命大有裨益;但是医学同样还是一门不断摸索前进的科学,人类基因的不断变异、生态环境的日益恶化、身体机能的因人而异,都使医学在发挥作用中面临巨大的挑战。在此过程中,医疗损害的发生在所难免。医疗损害的严重后果往往会超过侵害人的承受能力,但靠传统的侵权责任赔偿无法填补医疗损害,所以,顺应时下多元化救济的理念,实现责任风险的分散化,建立多元化的医疗损害赔偿责任承担机制已为必然之势。     

论违约与精神损害赔偿

对违约责任是否包括精神损害赔偿国内外法学理论界与司法界尚有争论。随着经济的发展,人们越来越重视对人格精神利益的保护,为因违约而造成守约人人格精神利益提供司法救济已成为一种客观趋势。文章在考察国外有关违约精神损害赔偿的立法与司法实践后认为,违约责任应当包括精神损害赔偿,并就如何构建我国的违约精神损害赔偿制度提出了建议。     

Invariance of linearity of regression and related characterizations of some classical discrete distributions

Rao (1963) introduced what we call an additive damage model. In this model, original observation is subjected to damage according to a specified probability law by the survival distribution. In this paper, we consider a bivariate observation with second component subjected to damage. Using the invariance of linearity of regression of the first component on the second under the transition of the second component from the original to the damaged state, we obtain the characterizations of the Poisson, binomial and negative binomial distributions within the framework of the additive damage model.     

Fiddling while the planet burns? COP25 in perspective

ABSTRACT

With fires, storms, social protests, and climate strikes sweeping the world, 2019 should have been a tipping point in how the world responds to global heating. This was the backdrop to the COP25 climate change summit which took place in Madrid in December 2019. This paper assesses the outcomes of the meeting and the path towards the critically important meeting in Glasgow at the end of 2020. It analyses and explains the key points of contention over levels of ambition, the rules which should govern global carbon markets and sensitive issues such as loss and damage associated with the impacts of climate change. The analysis is situated within a broader geopolitical and economic context of right-wing populism, deepening forms of marketization and financialization of responses to climate change and against a background of a world increasingly feeling the effects of the climate crisis.     

论职业病病人的人身损害补偿与赔偿请求权--以《职业病防治法》第58、59条规定为中心

职业病病人的人身损害通常具有缓发性、不可逆等特质。《职业病防治法》第58、59条分别规定了工伤保险待遇给付请求权和人身损害赔偿请求权。工伤保险待遇在本质上属于人身损害补偿，如要实现损害之全部填补，职业病病人可以选择从契约关系、侵权行为、保险契约、法律之特别规定等视角，以仲裁或诉讼方式请求用人单位予以人身损害赔偿。     

论《侵权责任法》规定的医疗产品损害责任

《侵权责任法》规定的医疗产品损害责任，从性质上来说，既是医疗损害责任的一个特殊类型，也属于产品责任的范畴，适用无过错责任原则。其中第59条规制的适用范围包括有缺陷的药品、消毒药剂和医疗器械以及不合格的血液，但此适用范围应予以界定。在此界定内，导致患者损害的医疗机构、生产者所承担的赔偿责任才是《侵权责任法》第59条规定的医疗产品损害责任。     

粘土矿物产状和微结构对地层损害的影响

对120块岩样XRD、SEM分析结果表明,下二门油田纵向粘土矿物演化规律明显,浅、上层系以蒙皂石—高岭石组合为主,中、下层系为绿泥石—高岭石—伊/蒙间层组合,深层系为绿泥石—伊利石组合。发育七种粘土微结构类型,地层微粒的稳定性由占主导地位的微结构类型决定。微结构稳定性序列为层流状>绒球状>畴状>叠片支架状>絮团状>蜂窝状>支架状。预测碱敏、水敏、盐敏和出砂是最严重的地层损害方式。     

论生态环境损害赔偿诉讼与环境公益诉讼之衔接

在现行司法实践中,我国对生态环境损害之救济采取的是生态环境损害赔偿诉讼与环境公益诉讼并行的"双轨制"模式.通过分析典型案件可以发现,现行立法未能为化解生态环境损害赔偿诉讼与环境公益诉讼之间的制度"碰撞"提供明确的规范指南,导致"两诉"之间时常会陷入管辖冲突与衔接困境.生态环境损害赔偿诉讼的模糊属性以及相关立法规定的缺失,是导致"两诉"衔接陷入困境之根由.为此,应当在准确识别生态环境损害赔偿诉讼性质之前提下,通过立法对"两诉"之间的顺位规则、索赔主体机制等核心规范予以明确.具体而言,未来我国应当明确生态环境损害赔偿诉讼优于环境公益诉讼的顺位规则,并建立"行政机关—环保组织—检察机关"三位一体且逐层递进的索赔主体结构,最大程度发挥"两诉"之制度合力.     

一个“成功"游牧民定居工程背后的资源困境

游牧民定居工程被视为改变牧区靠天养牧、加速牧区现代化和城镇化的重要举措而广泛实施。 游牧民定居工程迅速且深刻地改变着草原牧区的自然、社会及经济形态,同时也改变了人与自然资源之间的互动关系及作用时空尺度。 在“成功冶的定居点,牧民生活水平大幅提高,且对天然草场的利用减少;但是,对比相邻的村庄发现,其“成功冶的关键在于有足够的外部资源输入,包括草场、农田和地下水等。 而从区域的生态环境来看,这种“成功冶模式并不符合当地干旱地区的生态特征,有可能造成更大范围内的生态破坏。 因此,游牧民定居工程应该从区域生态特征出发,对类似“成功冶模板的推广更加谨慎。