从经典灾害社会学、社会脆弱性到社会建构主义——西方灾害社会学研究的最新进展及比较启示

从经典灾害社会学、社会脆弱性到社会建构主义,这是灾害社会学发展的最新趋势,也是其发展的主要学派和阶段性特点。基于对这三个学派基本内涵梳理和比较研究,文章认为经典灾害社会学学派适合灾害防备与应变研究,社会脆弱性学派适合灾害预测和评估人们如何适应或加强能力面对灾害风险威胁的研究,社会建构主义学派则适合公共风险和灾害形成过程中人的主观能动性研究。这三个学派关注的重点不同,都有自己特定的解释边界和限制条件,一旦越界解释力就会下降。因此,不能简单地判断孰优孰劣。     

风险社会视角的灾难与社会工作——台湾经验

尝试借用贝克提出的风险社会概念,反思9.21大地震和八八水灾中台湾社工的相关作为,并说明贝克所提出的风险社会视角带给社工关于灾难社会工作实践的启发:激化生活在其中的社工人和服务对象的能动性,并对社会工作实践世界的历史构成进行批判性思考。     

论抗战时期中国共产党的国耻国难宣传教育活动

中国共产党诞生在旧中国饱受列强欺凌、蒙受奇耻大辱、挨打受气的时期,这使得中国共产党具有强烈的忧患意识。在抗日战争这场中华民族洗雪民族耻辱的战争中,中国共产党充分认识到了国耻国难宣传教育对于争取民族平等自由的伟大意义。在抗战时期,中国共产党运用马克思主义基本原理并结合中国实际,筹建各类宣传教育团体,开展各类国耻国难宣传教育纪念活动,在党主办的各类报刊中发表国耻国难宣传教育言论和主张,出版系列丛书,唤醒全国民众,指导中国人民战胜日本侵略者。     

突发灾害背景下的企业社会反应行为研究

在考察了万科在汶川地震后的社会反应行为后,构建了概念模型。其中,政府期望、媒体热点和竞争互动的环境因素在给企业社会反应行为施加约束与压力的同时,也为企业社会反应行为的方向决策提供参考。行动的真诚性、公开性以及内部工具的运用是企业社会反应决策的重要内容。在事件背景与环境因素的影响下,积累的公众情感会对企业的社会反应行为形成期望。最后,总结了案例的结论与现实启示。     

从汶川与海地地震灾难危机传播管理的比较看中国特色新闻传播体制

当今世界,频发的重大突发性危机事件正集中而尖锐地考验着政府和媒体的决策与应变能力.基于汶川地震和海地地震的媒体呈现,比较分析两次灾难危机的传播管理,研究媒体自身的社会责任和作用在不同体制下所发挥的殊异效果,探索中国特色新闻传播体制在危机传播管理中的科学性和先进性.     

淮河流域“灾难遗址旅游”开发研究

淮河流域自古就是旱涝、地震、火山等自然灾害的多发区,且因其南北过渡的地理位置,也是兵家必争之地,故淮河流域多灾多难。近年淮河流域相关县市虽未明确提出＂灾难遗址旅游＂,但也进行了一些相关产品的开发尝试,但总体上淮河流域＂灾难遗址旅游＂还未成气候。对此,相关县市在进行旅游开发时须坚持以政府为投资主体、杜绝过度商业化、加强群众参与、适时适度开发等原则,采取多种旅游资源组合开发、充分运用高科技手段、通过灾难文学作品展现抗争精神、大力挖掘民间文化的开发方式,进行适宜灾难文化开发的市场营销,进一步打造灾难遗址旅游系统化品牌,以此谋求区域发展。     

Islamisation and activism of a Muslim NGO in Pakistan: Jama'at‐ud‐Da'wa as a case study

This paper locates the study of Jamat‐ud‐Da'wa (JUD) within the context of global political developments. Premised on the nexus between the local and the global developments, it discusses how changes in the domestic or international arena shaped the policies of JUD after 9/11. It argues that, as a successor to the Lashker‐e‐Toiba in Pakistan, the JUD has been active in the social welfare space. It has moved into roles that reside in the domain of the state's responsibility but have passed to the private sector due to the state's failure to meet the needs of its citizens, including the provision of education and relief and rescue efforts after natural disasters. Though not categorically identified as being part of the jihadi agenda, this activism increases the appeal of the JUD among Pakistani citizens, with a possibility of increasing their declared and/or active support for JUD's views on Pakistan's foreign policy.     

Measures of emergency preparedness contributing to nursing home resilience

ABSTRACT

Resilience approaches have been successfully applied in crisis management, disaster response, and high reliability organizations and have the potential to enhance existing systems of nursing home disaster preparedness. This study’s purpose was to determine how the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) “Emergency Preparedness Checklist Recommended Tool for Effective Health Care Facility Planning” contributes to organizational resilience by identifying the benchmark resilience items addressed by the CMS Emergency Preparedness Checklist and items not addressed by the CMS Emergency Preparedness Checklist, and to recommend tools and processes to improve resilience for nursing homes. The CMS Emergency Preparedness Checklist items were compared to the Resilience Benchmark Tool items; similar items were considered matches. Resilience Benchmark Tool items with no CMS Emergency Preparedness Checklist item matches were considered breaches in nursing home resilience. The findings suggest that the CMS Emergency Preparedness Checklist can be used to measure some aspects of resilience, however, there were many resilience factors not addressed. For nursing homes to prepare and respond to crisis situations, organizations need to embrace a culture that promotes individual resilience-related competencies that when aggregated enable the organization to improve its resiliency. Social workers have the skills and experience to facilitate this change.     

A perfect storm: Challenges encountered by family caregivers of persons with Alzheimer’s disease during natural disasters

ABSTRACT

Since Hurricane Katrina there has been a movement across the U.S. to examine best practice for disaster response within the aging population. However, little is known about the experience of natural disasters from the perspective of family caregivers of persons with Alzheimer’s disease and related dementia (ADRD). In this exploratory, qualitative study, family caregivers (n=27) were interviewed about their experience with the historic 2015 South Carolina flood. By using thematic analysis, themes were identified to better understand what unique challenges caregivers of person with ADRD experienced. While many caregivers stated they had experienced a natural disaster previously, none had ever done so in their current caregiving role. The caregiving role affected their ability to prepare for the storm and influenced their decision-making regarding evacuation and utilization of recovery resources. Thus, caregivers were confronted by a “perfect storm” of circumstances and uncertainty. Family caregivers need to have actionable emergency plans for disasters that are specific to their role as caregivers of persons with ADRD. Study implications also suggest the role social work professionals can have in educating, advocating, evaluating, and coordinating support to assist caregivers of persons with ADRD as a potentially vulnerable and at-risk population during all phases of disaster.     

Local volunteers respond to the Rena oil spill in Maketū, New Zealand

Following the MV Rena grounding and oil spill in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand in October 2011, the Māori community of Maketū were quick to respond to the arrival of oil on their beaches. They asserted their rangatiratanga by establishing their marae as a base and successfully coordinated a clean-up by more than 450 volunteers, feeding these volunteers every day. We interviewed 11 clean-up leaders and volunteers in Maketū to gather information about how the oil spill affected people in the community and how they ensured the success of their clean-up efforts. Many volunteers returned to help with the clean-up day after day over several weeks. Concepts of kaitiakitanga and manaakitanga underpinned the work of the Maketū clean-up organisers. Participants attributed the success of the Maketū clean-up to the speed with which they responded, the support they received from their community and local businesses, and their local knowledge.