Willingness to Pay for Risk Reduction and Risk Aversion without the Expected Utility Assumption

By means of minimal assumptions on the individual preferences, I show that the Willingness To Pay (WTP) for both a FSD and SSD reduction of risk is the sum of a mean effect, a pure risk effect and a wealth effect. As a result, the WTP of a risk-averse decision maker may be lower than the WTP of a risk-neutral one, for a large class of individual preferences’ representation and a large class of risks.     

零售商主导下促进绿色产品需求的联合研发契约协调研究

针对绿色环保产品价格过高,阻碍其成为主流消费品这一现实问题,在绿色经济背景下,探讨零售商向负责绿色研发成本投入的制造商提供不同联合研发契约时的供应链均衡策略和协调问题。以零售商主导的双边垄断型绿色供应链为研究对象,在考虑消费者环保意识、产品绿色度水平、价格等多种因素影响需求的基础上,分别探讨批发价契约、成本分担契约和两部制契约对绿色产品需求、供应链成员利润及渠道利润的影响。结果表明,成本分担契约无法实现供应链成员利润的Pareta改进;一定条件下,两部制契约可以实现供应链成员利润的双赢,并提高绿色产品的市场需求。此外,虽然消费者环保意识的提高并不总是会带来绿色产品市场需求的增加,但却总是会使得绿色供应链的利润提高;并且较高的消费者环保意识将激励企业追求一个较低的绿色成本系数,从而促使企业积极进行绿色技术创新努力。     

The social construction of the medical malpractice crisis: A case study of Massachusetts physicians

This study used observations from the 1985 Massachusetts malpractice insurance rate hearings, semistructured interviews conducted in 1985–1986, a survey of Massachusetts physicians in February 1988, and newspaper reports from theBoston Globe. Physicians and the Massachusetts Medical Society have promoted the medical malpractice crisis as an economic one. The after-expense income of most physicians, however, has remained relatively constant. The more serious threat to physicians appears to be the reduction of their autonomy. It is concluded that the medical malpractice crisis has been socially constructed in economic rather than autonomy terms because, traditionally, economics has been a more acceptable basis for labor unrest in the United States. Constructing malpractice as an economic crisis presents a more viable argument for stemming social change adverse to the medical profession.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 57th annual meeting of the Eastern Sociological Society, May 1987, Boston, Massachusetts.     

理论基尼系数及其社会福利含义的讨论

 内容提要：尽管关于基尼系数的经验估计与研究异常丰富,但是对于基尼系数的理论含义一直缺乏严格的推导。本文试图从收入分布函数的定义出发,严格探讨基尼系数的理论含义和性质,以澄清一些关于基尼系数的误解。本文认为,最优的基尼系数值不可能从基尼系数的定义本身找到答案,必然牵涉到关于社会福利的价值判断。此外,一旦得到具体的收入分布函数,基尼系数的计算可以通过分布函数的参数估计来实现,因此本文最后给出了产生收入分布函数以及计算基尼系数的一种简单法则。     

我国服务贸易现状及对策分析

随着国际分工的发展,国际商品结构与各国的进出口商品结构的一个重要变化就是服务贸易的迅速发展,国际间的服务交换活动的蓬勃兴起。在阐明我国服务贸易的发展现状与特点之后,结合有关服务贸易理论,对服务贸易的劳动生产率及其比较优势中的人力资本因素进行了分析,从而指出中国服务贸易的发展潜力、不足之处及解决措施。     

基于随机占优准则的医疗服务质量提升研究

我国医疗服务一直存在供给不平衡不充分的问题,如何掌握居民的多样化医疗服务需求、以利用有限资源较大幅度地提升医疗服务供给满意度成为发展新阶段的重要课题。依据边际效用递减规律:有限资源投入最紧迫的用途获得效用最大,提出一种基于随机占优准则的医疗服务质量评价研究方法:首先,编写网络爬虫程序获取居民发布的对医疗服务供给质量进行评价的文本,使用数据挖掘模型从文本中提取出居民多样的医疗服务需求;其次,构建医疗服务领域的情感词典,使用情感分析技术计算居民对医疗服务供给质量的情感倾向;最后,利用随机占优准则构建医疗服务随机占优程度矩阵,比较得出医疗服务优化方面的优先排序,为改进医疗服务供给质量提供指导。利用好大夫在线平台的数据,验证所提出的方法的可行性和有效性,结果表明,所提方法能够挖掘出影响居民满意度的医疗服务质量因素,并能为我国医疗服务质量的提升做出决策指导。在后续分析中发现,诊疗效果是居民最在意的医疗服务要素,作为案例的四家医院中有三家医院都需要在这方面做出改进,而另一家医院则更需要在与患者的沟通技巧和能力上做出优化。文章所提方法具有较强实用性和可迁移性,为提升我国医疗服务质量提供了参考和支撑。     

Managerial dominance and audit committee independence in Spanish corporate governance

The purpose of this paper is to analyse whether the independence of audit committees is affected by the degree of control exerted by managers over the board of directors. Results from a sample of 75 listed Spanish companies show that the majority of firms that voluntarily adopted an audit committee between 1998 and 2001, made an effort to guarantee their independence from management. The degree of independence is shown to be determined by the proportion of inside directors on the board, the same person holding both the CEO and board chairperson positions, and the level of management ownership. These findings may have political implications because existing regulations do not limit the presence of inside directors on audit committees. The presence of inside directors may compromise effectiveness, turning audit committees into instruments of management to provide the appearance of monitoring.

Dynamic stochastic dominance in bandit decision problems

The aim of this paper is to study the monotonicity properties with respect to the probability distribution of the state processes, of optimal decisions in bandit decision problems. Orderings of dynamic discrete projects are provided by extending the notion of stochastic dominance to stochastic processes.     

经济全球化与发展中国家的货币主权

在世界经济日益全球化的趋势下 ,发展中国家求稳求发展的管理汇率制度受到巨大冲击 ,为此 ,一些发展中国家希望能放弃本国货币 ,把货币美元化。但事实证明 ,实行美元化 ,放弃货币政策自主权 ,并不能帮助发展中国家防范和化解金融危机 ,而需采取包括资本控制在内的其他对策     

全球化语境下的当代中国

全球化正以一种不以任何人的意志为转移的发展逻辑和严峻现实而越来越受到国际社会的普遍关注.但冷战后以美国为首的西方发达国家所主张的全球化,是以资本主义为主导的以实现全球少数人利益为目的的资本征服整个世界的过程,因而对发展中国家的政府职能、民族主权、政治稳定、经济安全、文化主权等方面产生了深刻的负面影响.中国作为最大的并拥有巨大经济潜力和政治能量的坚持走社会主义道路的发展中国家,应从本国实际情况和国家民族利益出发来决定参与全球化的领域和战略策略,以最大限度地减少和消除全球化带来的负效应.