Making ends meet: perceptions of poverty in Sweden

During the era after the Second World War, Sweden has built a welfare system based on labor market participation and income maintenance. Low unemployment and decent wages are supposed to guarantee people a labor market income or income maintenance, which in turn should provide a proper standard for everyone. However, a rapid increase in unemployment and economic problems have made the future of the Swedish welfare state more uncertain than ever. These circumstances have, among other things, led to the suggestion that Sweden should abandon the income maintenance policy and create a social policy system with the more limited ambition of guaranteeing everyone a minimum income. In that case, one central question must be answered: what constitutes a decent minimum income in today's Sweden? Where should we draw the poverty line under which people will not be forced to live? These questions are central in the current debate. The consensual poverty line method is used in this article to derive a poverty line relevant for today's Sweden. The results shows that more than every fifth household has an income below the consensual poverty line. That is, they have an income that most Swedes would argue is too low to make ends meet. The level of the consensual poverty line was compared with the National Board of Health and Welfare's guidelines for social assistance. The consensual poverty line was shown to be more generous to small households and the norm for social assistance was more generous to larger households. Finally, the expenditure for guaranteeing all Swedish household a minimum income equal to the consensual poverty line was estimated: more than SEK 25 billion per year. The results in the article casts serious doubt on the ability of the Swedish welfare state to secure a decent income to all citizens.     

水资源跨流域配置的经济学分析

由于我国水资源空间分布不均匀的突出特点 ,大型跨流域调水工程已经成为我国国民经济可持续发展的重要支撑。文章从水资源的经济特点出发 ,结合南水北调中线工程 ,对水资源跨流域配置的市场供求、成本收益等资源经济学问题进行了分析 ,并对社会主义市场经济条件下水资源跨流域配置的利益分配机制进行了探讨     

Who Gets What From Government? Distributional Consequences of Child‐Care Assistance Policies

Given the fragmented structure of child‐care assistance in the United States, it has been difficult to obtain accurate estimates of which families are assisted, through which mechanisms, and at what level. Making use of survey data from New York City, we analyze the distribution of several forms of public child‐care assistance. Results suggest that about 40% of all families with young children receive some form of child‐care assistance. Considering all forms of assistance, the distribution of child‐care help is targeted in both expected and some unexpected ways. Implications of these results are discussed in the context of U.S. child‐care policies governing access and benefit levels.     

节水生产行为、非农就业与农户收入溢出

将劳动力要素配置纳入分析框架是厘清粮食节水生产行为收入溢出机制的关键。基于河北、山东、河南540个粮食种植户调查数据,运用工具变量分位数、中介效应和门槛回归模型分析农户节水生产行为的收入溢出机制及异质性。研究表明：节水生产行为能够显著提升农户收入,且农业增收效应大于要素替代效应;节水生产行为的农业增收效应随农业收入水平提升而递增,即“马太效应”,其非农增收效应随非农收入水平提升而递减,即“重心转变效应”;本地非农就业在节水生产行为增收效应中发挥中介作用,外出务工部分遮掩了节水生产行为的收入提升效果;节水生产行为的增收效应随本地非农就业比例增加而上升,随外出务工比例提高而下降。因此,建议完善粮食节水生产的政策扶持与市场机制,引导非农劳动力合理有序就业,强化农村人力资本积累,进而推动农户持续增收。     

企业组织中人力资本道德风险因素分析

基于市场里的企业是“一个人力资本与非人力资本的特别合约”的观点,就人力资本的道德风险问题进行了研究。认为影响人力资本道德风险的因素主要有诚实履行合约后的正常收益、道德风险行为被发现的概率、贴现因子、道德风险行为的额外收益以及道德风险行为被发现后的次优收益。并且以预期收益为目标建立了数学模型,分析人力资本道德风险行为动机与影响因素之间的关系,提出了相关的激励、约束及协作策略。最后,讨论了随机因素的影响。     

教育对我国城镇收入差距贡献的实证研究

为确定我国城镇居民收入差距中教育因素的贡献大小,利用2013年中国家庭收入调查（CHIP2013）中城镇居民的微观数据,采用基于收入决定函数的夏普里值分解法,得到受教育程度和教育过程对收入差距的贡献大小。研究发现,教育过程是影响城镇居民收入差距的重要因素,而受教育程度对收入差距的贡献排序近年来呈现下降趋势。     

高校工薪所得税纳税筹划策略

随着教育事业的发展,高校教职工上缴个人所得税的数量因收入的增长也有很大的提升,教职工也越来越关注纳税筹划的问题,如何在国家税收法律法规的允许范围内合理节税,运用科学的筹划方法减轻高校教职工的负担。本文通过介绍纳税筹划的相关理论,针对不同的工薪种类提出纳税筹划方法。     

农户兼业、生产性服务与水稻种植面积决策——基于11省1646户农户的实证研究

本文基于全国11省1646户农户调研数据,构建实证模型分析了农户兼业、生产性服务与水稻种植面积之间的关系。结果表明,在兼业农户比重和平均兼业水平都很高的背景下,兼业导致的“劳动力流失效应”在纯农户和兼业农户的种植面积决策中均有所体现,并且在一兼农户中表现最为显著,而“投资效应”仅体现在纯农户的种植面积决策上。接受生产性服务有助于提高各类农户的种植面积,能够缓解种稻劳动力流失对种植面积造成的负面影响,同时能够缓解一兼农户农业收入比重下降对种植面积造成的负面影响。由此,加强粮食产业生产性服务体系建设、加大纯农户粮食生产补贴力度等是稳定我国水稻生产的重要举措。     

The labour market flexibility debate in India: Re‐examining the case for signing voluntary contracts

A major focus of India's ongoing policy debate over labour market flexibilization has been the statutory requirement that firms employing 100 or more workers cannot dismiss employees without prior government permission. The case for repealing that requirement (or greatly increasing the workforce threshold) is notably underpinned by Basu, Fields and Debgupta (2009). Here, the author challenges their particular theoretical argument for hiring and firing at will based on the voluntary signing of contracts, demonstrating that their general policy conclusion is logically unsustainable even within the framework of that model. The case for labour market flexibilization through voluntary contracting thus remains unfounded.