多元主体环境责任协同水平的地区差异与动态演进

基于中国30个省、自治区、直辖市（由于数据原因暂未包含西藏和港澳台地区）,构建多元主体环境责任协同水平指标体系,运用复合系统协同度模型,定量测算多元主体环境责任协同水平,并利用Dagum基尼系数和核密度估计方法分析其空间格局和动态演进过程。研究结果表明：中国各地多元主体环境责任协同水平整体偏低,呈现出逐年上升的趋势;环境责任协同水平空间分布的总体差异呈波动扩大趋势,地区间差距是总体差异的主要空间来源;环境责任协同水平的地区差异呈上升态势,东部、中部和西部三个地区的环境责任协同水平呈两极分化态势。     

欧美合成生物学应用的风险治理经验及启示

合成生物学技术的应用与发展为基础生命科学研究、人类健康、环境保护和经济增长做出了重要贡献。随着合成生物学变得更便宜、更容易使用和更容易获得,亟需建立行之有效的风险治理体系以防控其潜在的伦理道德、生物安全和生物安保风险,促进技术健康发展。通过观照欧美国家风险治理模式,建议预防风险与促进创新并重、伦理治理与法律规制“双管齐下”,以期为我国合成生物学监管提供有益经验、减少风险和控制利益冲突,促进我国合成生物学创新,规范合成生物学研究和生产。     

我国环境民事公私益诉讼的并行与融合

当前,在我国法律体系内环境民事公私益诉讼采用了并行模式。并行模式关注于环境公共利益与私人利益的差异性,从而进行有针对性的利益维护。这虽然看似诉讼目的明确,符合环境权益救济需求,但其实际忽视了环境的整体性特征,不但不利于案件事实的梳理,而且容易造成司法资源的浪费甚至可能出现相互矛盾的裁判。面对并行模式存在的弊端,我国部分学者提出了强制合并、混合并存、另赋实体请求权、诉讼信托、诉讼担当等环境民事公私益诉讼的融合模式,上述模式分别从诉的合并和诉讼实施权融合两个方面对融合方式进行了探讨,但是其中仍存在当事人诉讼选择权忽视、公私益失衡以及责任重复认定等问题。随着生态文明建设的不断推进,人们对美好生活的需要促使更多的人开始关注环境质量,环境公益诉讼的数量日渐增多。基于环境问题的关联性、潜伏性特征以及环境侵害发生的阶段性机理,环境诉讼中环境公共利益与私人利益的交叉使得环境民事公私益诉讼的融合成为应然趋势。在尊重环境整体性特征的基础上,以追求环境公共利益与私人利益的平衡为原则,结合我国实际,以具备中国特色的检察制度作为枢纽,充分利用检察机关的监督权以及环境民事公益诉讼起诉权,构建环境民事公私益诉讼的新融合模式,将有利于诉讼目的实现。新融合模式强调发挥检察机关的公益诉讼效能,争取将同一事实产生的公私益诉求在同一时段提出,并依据诉的合并将两者合并审理,继而,在进行责任认定时,关注公私益交融之处,实现责任公平分配。新融合模式尊重了当事人的诉讼权利,避免了责任的重复认定,节约诉讼资源的同时提升了诉讼效率,不失为环境民事公私益诉讼的理想选择。当然,该模式尚处于理论初探阶段,要想真正具备实践性还需要在自诉讼制度、监督机制以及协作配合等多个层面进行建设构想,从而为环境诉讼的进一步研究奠定基础。     

超验主义主体思想与儒家角色伦理学

爱默生、梭罗和惠特曼的肯定性“自我”书写与霍桑、梅尔维尔、爱伦·坡等的否定性“自我”书写共同为美国独立民族意识和国族文学的构建奠定了基础。美国的个人主义更深入地植根于前者的超验主义主体思想中,但由于对“自我”内在神性和超验原则的强调,其主体思想陷入唯我和超验的困境,促使他们不得不进行反思与修正。当代美国哲学家、汉学家安乐哲吸收中西传统的有关思想,提出以儒家角色伦理学作为走出西方个人主义困境的有效途径。爱默生、梭罗和惠特曼的“自我”书写与儒家角色伦理学的人学思想有趋同倾向,前者呈现从抽象道德主体到具象道德主体、从自我内在性到自然外在性及群体外在性的转变趋势,这一转向与儒家角色伦理学对具象外在性人际关系的关注有共通之处,由此可见儒家思想的普遍意义。     

环境税改革与资源型企业全要素生产率——基于《环境保护税法》实施的准自然实验

环境规制政策对企业技术创新与生产效率的影响是环境经济学界关注的重点问题,2018年的环境税改革在我国环境政策史上意义深远。基于2015—2020年A股上市企业数据,采用双重差分模型研究了环境税改革对资源型企业全要素生产率的影响及作用机理。研究发现,环境税改革显著促进了资源型企业全要素生产率提升,其内在机理为,环境税改革能激励技术创新、遏制机会主义行为以及促进生产要素流动,进而推动资源型企业全要素生产率的提升。动态效应分析发现,环境税改革对全要素生产率提升的作用效果先上升后下降,而对技术创新的激励效果逐年上升。异质性分析发现,环境税改革对民营企业的作用效果比国有企业更显著,对成熟期企业的作用效果比成长期和衰退期企业更显著。因此,建议政府强化环境税征管的执行力度,有序释放环境监管的长期信号并深化生产要素的市场化改革。     

环境规制对农户清洁取暖采纳行为的影响——兼论政府信任的调节作用

基于“目标群体回应行动评价政策及执行有效性”的思路,利用汾渭平原微观农户调查数据,以农户的清洁取暖采纳行动来评估“双替代”政策及环境规制执行效能。鉴于清洁取暖双重政策目标,将农户清洁取暖采纳分为采纳决策和采纳效果两个阶段。采用Heckman模型,从约束型规制和激励型规制两个维度分析不同环境规制手段对农户清洁取暖采纳的影响效应。结果表明:约束型规制对农户清洁取暖采纳决策具有显著正向影响,而对农户清洁取暖采纳效果具有显著负向影响;激励型规制对农户清洁取暖采纳决策和采纳效果均有正向影响。控制内生性的IV Heckman模型和PSM反事实估计结果支持了上述研究结论。运用同时克服环境规制内生性和样本选择偏差问题的IV Heckman模型,从中央政府信任和地方政府信任两个层级拓展研究不同政府信任在环境规制对农户清洁取暖采纳影响中的调节作用。结果表明:中央政府信任在约束型规制对农户清洁取暖采纳中发挥增强性调节作用,地方政府在约束型规制和激励型规制对农户清洁取暖采纳中均发挥增强性调节作用。最后,提出环境规制政策执行应兼顾农户资本禀赋差异、提升地方政府信任度等对策建议。     

产品全过程的环保成本意识及评价

本文将“环保成本”概念引入产品评价(即在包括产品开发、生产、消费、回收处置的全过程中将环保治理费纳入产品成本),并从企业、国家、消费者利益的角度论述“环保成本法”在中国实施的必要性和可行性,提出产品评价的环保成本因子及其评价模式,进一步探讨解决费用分摊问题的可行途径。     

Codes of Ethics: What Are They Really and What Should They Be?

Codes of ethics are prevalent in major corporations around the world. They are seen as the first tangible commitment to being ethical. This paper examines codes of ethics and tries to establish what they are, how they are developed and their net utility. We then proffer the idea of codes as the first part of a five-stage process that leads to an overall corporate commitment to being ethical in one's business dealings.     

The Management of Violence in a Conflict Organization: The Case of the Abu Sayyaf

The Abu Sayyaf is an organization which has left a trail of mayhem and murder in the southern Philippines for more than a decade. It has gained international notoriety through several high profile mass kidnappings. This article looks at how the Abu Sayyaf has managed to survive and at times prosper despite the state's efforts to eradicate it. By using organizational analysis the paper demonstrates how the Abu Sayyaf has developed structures and processes which make it such a deadly force. The organization has succeeded in gaining considerable fit with the environment in which it operates.     

Examining Localized Patterns of Air Quality Perception in Texas: A Spatial and Statistical Analysis

Environmental and human health issues associated with outdoor air pollution, such as ozone, sulfur dioxide, and other pollutants in metropolitan regions, are an area of growing concern for both policy officials and the general public. Increasing attention from the news media, new health data, and public debate over the effectiveness of clean air regulations have raised the importance of air quality in the public consciousness. While public perceptions of air quality have been studied thoroughly dating back to the 1960s, little empirical research has been conducted to explain the spatial aspects of these perceptions, particularly at the local level. Although recent studies suggest characteristics of local setting are important in shaping perceptions of air quality, the roles of proximity, neighborhood characteristics, and location have not been clarified. This study seeks to improve understanding of the major factors shaping public perceptions of air quality by examining the spatial pattern of local risk perception, the role of socioeconomic characteristics in forming these perceptions, and the relationship between perceived and scientifically measured air pollution. First, we map the spatial pattern of local air quality perceptions using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) across the Dallas and Houston metropolitan areas. Next, we explain these perceptions through local contextual factors using both bivariate correlations and multivariate regression analysis. Results indicate that perceptions of air quality in the study areas are not significantly correlated with air quality based on readings of air monitoring stations. Instead, perceptions appear to be influenced by setting (urban vs. rural), state identification, access to information, and socioeconomic characteristics such as age, race, and political identification. We discuss the implications of the findings and provide direction on how further research can provide a deeper understanding of the local contextual factors influencing public perceptions.