打开潘多拉的盒子——拉图尔对科学知识的人类学研究

拉图尔认为科学知识就是黑箱,其形成过程就是科学家的主张的黑箱化过程。在此过程中,科学文本的修辞和科学事实的实验室建构都是不可或缺的;拉图尔对科学知识进行的人类学研究既有独到的新颖之处,又存在不可逾越的困境。     

环境资源的特征及其制度意蕴

环境资源在个体间的不可分割性 ,决定了它具有公共物品属性。环境资源的公共产权安排、环境产权缺失以及环境效益的正外部性 ,是导致环境资源短缺的主要原因。从环境资源的产权特性出发进行产权调整 ,如明晰环境资源产权 ,建立排污权交易市场等 ,是实现环境治理制度创新的有效途径。     

生态政治：解决生态危机的根本途径

目前全球环境问题和生态危机日趋严重,是全球生态政治运动兴起的根本原因;生态政治运动、绿党的异军突起以及国际环境组织作用的增强成为生态政治产生发展的基础。生态政治成为解决当今全球环境问题和生态危机,促进世界政治、经济、社会、文化、生态环境协调、持续发展的重要措施和根本途径,生态政治也将成为未来政治发展的新趋势和必然选择。     

西部地区环境保护的量化研究与探讨

一、西部地区生态环境现状全国遥感普查结果表明,尽管国家在西部的环境建设上力度不断加大,但西部地区的生态环境仍然处在“局部改善,整体恶化”的状况[1]。主要表现在:1.林草植被覆盖率总体不高,质量和功能下降。与东部地区相比(覆盖率超过25%)西部地区仍然偏低(覆盖率不到10%     

杰克·伦敦“狗的小说”与自然主义

杰克·伦敦“狗的小说”的创作具有鲜明的自然主义倾向。他在塑造狗形象 ,揭示狗之性格形成和发展方面 ,明白无误地遵从了左拉倡导的遗传决定论和环境决定论。本文以《野性的呼唤》、《白牙》这两个最具代表性的中篇为主进行论述。     

Protocols,practices, and the reproduction of technique in molecular biology

Protocols are one of the main organizational resources in molecular biology. They are written instructions that specify ingredients, equipment, and sequences of steps for making technical preparations. Some protocols are published in widely used manuals, while others are hand-written variants used by particular laboratories and individual technicians. It is widely understood, both in molecular biology and in social studies of science, that protocols do not describe exactly what practitioners do in the laboratory workplace. In social studies of science, the difference between protocols and the actual practices of doing them often is used to set up ironic contrasts between 'messy' laboratory practices and the appearance of technical order. Alternatively, in ethnomethodological studies of work, the difference is examined as a constitutive feature, both of the lived-work of doing technical projects, and of the administrative work of regulating and evaluating such projects. The present article takes its point of departure from ethnomethodology, and begins with a discussion of local problems with performing molecular biology protocols on specific occasions. The discussion then moves to particular cases in criminal law in which defense attorneys cross-examine forensic technicians and lab administrators. In these interrogations, the distinction between protocols and actual practices animates the dialogue and becomes consequential for judgments in the case at hand. The article concludes with a discussion of administrative science: the work of treating protocols and paper trails as proxies for actual 'scientific' practices.     

Changes in Population,Affluence, and Environmental Pressures During Industrialization: The Case of Austria 1830–1995

This paper relates changes in aggregate population, affluence (measured as GDP), and indicators for environmental pressures, the latter being based upon the socioeconomic metabolism concept, for Austria from 1830 to 1995. During this period of time Austria underwent a transition from a predominantly agricultural mode of substistence to an industrial economy. The Austrian population increased by a factor of 2.3, total GDP by a factor of 28.2 and per capita GDP by a factor of 12.2. Environmental indicators change by factors of between 0.85 and over 1000. In general we find that although efficiencies (environmental pressure per unit of GDP) increased dramatically, total environmental pressures increased considerably for most indicators, except for those that are related to an agricultural mode of subsistence. Our results indicate that environmental policies that aim to reduce the environmental pressure per unit of GDP (i.e., increase ecological efficiency) are not likely to be sufficient for sustainable development because efficiency gains are more than compensated for by increases in affluence. Instead, sustainability policy should focus on reducing total environmental pressures.     

虚拟现实技术在物理教学中的应用

介绍了虚拟现实的概念、特性、分类,然后用生动形象的事例介绍了虚拟现实技术在物理教学中的简单应用：科学计算的可视化、物理规律、运动过程、实验的模拟与仿真、虚拟化的“现场教学”及虚拟实验室。     

新型城镇化建设与城市低碳治理——基于国家新型城镇化综合试点政策实施的准自然实验

新型城镇化是消除快速城镇化弊端、科学推进城镇化发展的重要抓手。利用2007—2019年206个地级及以上城市数据,以国家新型城镇化综合试点政策的实施为新型城镇化建设的准自然实验,运用多期双重差分方法实证分析了新型城镇化建设对城市低碳治理的影响。研究发现：新型城镇化建设显著抑制了城市碳排放,国家新型城镇化综合试点政策促使试点城市的碳排放强度平均下降了3.02%,并且随着政策的推进其效果逐渐增强。异质性分析发现,新型城镇化建设仅对东部城市、中部城市以及大城市的碳排放强度具有显著的抑制作用。机制分析发现,新型城镇化建设主要通过抑制城市蔓延、促进经济集聚、强化环境规制降低城市碳排放强度。因此,建议地方政府加快推进新型城镇化多维目标考核,加大节约集约用地与环境监管力度,探索区域间差异化的新型城镇化推进路径,最终实现城镇的低碳发展。     

关于西北民族地区生态建立的若干思考

西部大开发中如何科学地实施对少数民族地区的环境保护 ,需要对民族地区的环境状况、污染速度及治理难度等方面做深入细致的调查和研究 ,文章提出一系列保护环境问题的战略设想 ,为西部大开发中民族地区走可持续发展的道路 ,提供了一条新思路