不完全竞争环境下不对称企业技术创新战略投资

研究了在不完全竞争环境下,投资成本差异和创新成功所需时间对企业的技术创新战略投资决策的影响,给出了抢先均衡、序贯均衡、同时均衡出现的条件,指出创新成功所需时间和投资成本差异是影响均衡类型的主要原因.在抢先均衡和序贯均衡中,分析了投资成本差异和创新成功所需时间对企业平均投资时间间隔的影响,得到了一些有意义的结论,并给出了经济解释.     

Max-min DEA模型及效率讨价还价均衡解

建立一类新的DEA模型,即Max-min DEA模型.该模型通过最大化最小效率单元的效率,结合了自评与互评的思路,在一定程度上克服了仅仅采用自评思想的经典DEA模型的缺陷.文中Max-min均衡模型问题在于保护“弱小”单元的同时,有可能损害其它单元的效率.为克服该问题,文章通过Nash讨价还价模型求解Max-min均衡模型与CCR模型的讨价均衡解.最后用算例进行了演示计算.     

"假象"背后的均衡及信息的代价研究

通过库诺特模型可以说明,“假象”的存在将改变均衡结果:如果信息获取是无成本的,那么“假象”将使信息占优一方的均衡利润增加,其对手的均衡利润可能减少,也可能增加;如果获取对手的信息是有代价的,根据我们给出的信息投资的边界条件,当获取信息的代价大于这一边界条件时,获取对手信息是有必要的,反之,应该放弃对信息的投资。     

Optimal and Acceptable Technical Facilities Involving Risks

Economic cost-benefit optimization of technical facility requires suitable "life saving cost" and/or an appropriate acceptance criterion if human life and limb are at risk. Traditionally, acceptance criteria implicit in codes of practice, standards, or regulations for well-defined fields of application are calibrated against past and present practice. This is all but satisfying. It is unclear whether present rules are already optimal. Extrapolations into new fields of application are extremely difficult. Direct cost-benefit analysis is proposed as an alternative. Based on the recently proposed "life quality index" (LQI), a rational acceptance criterion and so-called life saving cost are derived. The classical life quality index is reviewed, modified, and imbedded in modern economics theory. The results are then applied to technical facilities. The relation between optimization and the LQI-based acceptance criterion is discussed. The relevant economics literature is reviewed with respect to discount rates applicable for long-term investments into risk reduction. They should be as low as possible according to a recent mathematical result. Modern economic growth theory decomposes the output growth rate into the rate of time preference of consumption and the rate of economical growth multiplied by the elasticity of marginal utility of consumption. It is found that the rate of time preference of consumption should be a little larger than the long-term population growth rate. The public benefit rate (output growth rate) on the other hand should be smaller than the sum of the population growth rate and the long-term growth rate of a national economy, which is around 2% for most industrial countries. Accordingly, the rate of time preference of consumption is about 1%, which is also intergenerationally acceptable from an ethical point of view. Given a certain output growth rate there is a corresponding maximum financial interest rate in order to maintain nonnegativity of the objective function at the optimum. Finally, a simple demonstration example is added.     

试论阴阳自和对现代医学发展的意义

从哲学和中医学的角度来论述阴阳自和的理论,并从医学模式、病因学、养生学和治疗学等方面阐述其对现代医学的发展有着现实和深远的意义。     

Convexity-based clustering criteria: theory,algorithms, and applications in statistics

This paper deals with the construction of optimum partitions of for a clustering criterion which is based on a convex function of the class centroids as a generalization of the classical SSQ clustering criterion for n data points. We formulate a dual optimality problem involving two sets of variables and derive a maximum-support-plane (MSP) algorithm for constructing a (sub-)optimum partition as a generalized k-means algorithm. We present various modifications of the basic criterion and describe the corresponding MSP algorithm. It is shown that the method can also be used for solving optimality problems in classical statistics (maximizing Csiszárs -divergence) and for simultaneous classification of the rows and columns of a contingency table.     

Sequential experimental design and response optimisation

We consider the situation where one wants to maximise a functionf(θ,x) with respect tox, with θ unknown and estimated from observationsy _k . This may correspond to the case of a regression model, where one observesy _k =f(θ,x _k )+ε _k , with ε _k some random error, or to the Bernoulli case wherey _k ∈{0, 1}, with Pr[y _k =1|θ,x _k |=f(θ,x _k ). Special attention is given to sequences given by , with an estimated value of θ obtained from (x₁, y₁),...,(x _k ,y _k ) andd _k (x) a penalty for poor estimation. Approximately optimal rules are suggested in the linear regression case with a finite horizon, where one wants to maximize ∑ _i=1 ^N w _i f(θ, x _i ) with {w _i } a weighting sequence. Various examples are presented, with a comparison with a Polya urn design and an up-and-down method for a binary response problem.     

"亲美入亚”与冷战后的日本亚太战略选择

日本传统的亚洲观始终处于"脱亚”或"归亚”双重的困惑之中.随着冷战的终结,它开始向现实的"亲美入亚”战略转换.现实主义的势力均衡论是日美安全保障重新定义的依据;自由的制度论是建立日美经济同盟,实现日美自由贸易协定的框架;亚洲外交中心构图体现了日本充当亚洲盟主的企图."亲美入亚”战略转换,来自日本国内的支持力是保守、革新两党价值目标的趋同.经济主义是这一趋同形成的原因.     

交通信息条件下道路和停车选择SUE模型及算法

考虑交通信息系统(advanced traveler information system,ATIS)对出行者道路和停车选择行为的影响,并将出行者分成两类:一类出行者使用ATIS,另一类不使用ATIS.在此基础上,构造了一个基于概率的随机用户均衡模型来描述ATIS条件下的道路和停车选择问题,并给出了相应的求解算法.最后,通过一个算例分析了模型及算法的使用效果.     

带预算约束的广告主均衡报价研究——基于纳什均衡角度

从广告主角度出发，研究基于纳什均衡概念的带有预算约束的关键词拍卖问题。首先推导出纳什均衡下各个广告主报价的上界和下界。其次给出广告主报价向上偏离无利可图的充要条件，并进行了数值分析。此外，通过数值实例分析了广告主报价向下偏离时对其收益的影响。利用各个广告主报价的上下界和预算刻画了带有预算约束的纳什均衡。最后，利用广告主报价在纳什均衡下的上界给出报价向量是带预算约束的纳什均衡的充要条件。对于广告主制定预算策略具有参考作用。