Network influence and organizational performance: The effects of tie strength and structural equivalence

We combine theory and empirical evidence to develop and test three related claims about how ties strength and structural equivalence affect interorganizational performance similarity. First, network partners attain similar levels of performance because direct network ties facilitate information and resource sharing, and the diffusion of organizational practices. Organizations occupying similar network positions attain similar levels of performance because they face similar competitive constraints. Second, because mechanisms underlying performance similarity implied by direct network ties and similarity in network positions are different, strength of network ties and network position affect different dimensions of organizational performance. Third, we expect that tie strength will affect aspects of performance that are more likely to be influenced by processes activated by the direct contact between network partners. We expect structural equivalence to affect more strongly those aspects of organizational performance that are more directly influenced by competition. An analysis of interorganizational networks and organizational performance within a regional community of hospitals provides evidence in support of these claims. Models estimated on a sample of 8190 interorganizational dyads suggest that the effects of tie strength and structural equivalence on organizational performance are highly differentiated and contingent on specific aspects of performance. We show that these conclusions are robust with respect to a wide variety of other factors that may be responsible for performance similarity including competitive interdependence, structural homophily, and resource complementarity.     

模糊概率决策系统的属性约简

基于模糊等价关系及论域上的概率分布建立模糊概率信息系统,并给出了模糊概率信息系统的熵与条件熵.最后基于模糊概率信息系统的条件熵提出模糊概率决策信息系统的属性约简并给出了算法.     

语篇翻译动态对等模式的认知关联阐释

由于交际双方认知结构和认知环境的不确定性,以及不同语言构成的语篇或文本因语义和文化等因素的限制不可能有严格意义的对等,翻译和翻译的方法只能是动态的,因此"对等"也只能是动态的。关联理论是译者和译语接受者阐释语篇时的依据。关联理论视角下语篇翻译的动态对等模式可为翻译过程中话语与语境假设不相冲突时进行系统切换,两者冲突时进行调变提供基础和依据。     

Effort-reward imbalance and work-home interference: a two-wave study among European male nurses

ABSTRACT

This one-year follow-up study among 1,421 male nurses from seven European countries tested the validity of the Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) model in predicting prospective vital exhaustion and work-home interference. We hypothesised that effort and lack of reward would have both main and interactive effects on future outcomes. Results of structural equation modelling (SEM) showed that effort was positively related to exhaustion and work-home interference, both simultaneously and over time. Lack of reward predicted increased exhaustion at follow-up, but effort-reward imbalance did not influence the outcomes. Additionally, Time 1 exhaustion predicted increased work-home interference and exhaustion at follow-up. These results do not support the ERI model, which postulates a primacy of effort-reward imbalance over main effects. Instead, the findings are in line with dual path models of job stress and work-home interference. Multi-group SEM showed partial cross-cultural metric invariance for the ERI measure of effort, but the ERI measure of rewards showed no metric measurement invariance, indicating its meaning is qualitatively different across cultures. Nevertheless, the main conclusions were markedly similar for each national sub-sample. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our study.     

《水浒传》两译本的粗俗语英译评析——以 “屁”的翻译为例

社会符号学翻译法对翻译实践有着重要的指导意义,它强调翻译是一种跨语言跨文化的交际过程,翻译即翻译意义,应尽可能实现原文和译文功能和意义上的最大程度的对等。文章尝试将社会符号学翻译法应用于《水浒传》排泄词“屁”的翻译,对两个英译本中此类词的翻译进行比较评析,探讨其翻译方法。     

奈达翻译理论对中国翻译研究的影响

作为第一个被引入中国, 继而在不同时期形成两个"言必称奈达"现象的西方译论, 奈达翻译理论有其自身魅力.本文介绍了奈达的翻译思想, 对其翻译理论进行了分析, 对奈达理论在翻译界的重要地位和对中国翻译研究的重大影响进行了简单的评述.     

基于模因论的等值翻译观

等值论长久以来为各国的专家学者所热烈探讨,而从模因论的视角对等值翻译重新进行一番审视,对等值翻译的理论与实践研究无疑是一个新的突破。要实现最大限度的对等,译者须视两国的语言文化融合的程度及读者的认知状况而定。据此,译者可选择等值模因的“同型”“异型”或“同型”与“异型”的复合体的任何一种形式,其最终目的是有效地实现异国模因的跨文化传递。     

A STEPWISE CONFIDENCE INTERVAL PROCEDURE BASED ON AN ASYMMETRIC LOSS FUNCTION WITH APPLICATIONS TO TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION

The purpose of toxicological studies is a safety assessment of compounds (e.g. pesticides, pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals and food additives) at various dose levels. Because a mistaken declaration that a really non-equivalent dose is equivalent could have dangerous consequences, it is important to adopt reliable statistical methods that can properly control the family-wise error rate. We propose a new stepwise confidence interval procedure for toxicological evaluation based on an asymmetric loss function. The new procedure is shown to be reliable in the sense that the corresponding family-wise error rate is well controlled at or below the pre-specified nominal level. Our simulation results show that the new procedure is to be preferred over the classical confidence interval procedure and the stepwise procedure based on Welch's approximation in terms of practical equivalence/safety. The implementation and significance of the new procedure are illustrated with two real data sets: one from a reproductive toxicological study on Nitrofurazone in Swiss CD-1 mice, and the other from a toxicological study on Aconiazide.     

Chain graph models: topological sorting of meta-arrows and efficient construction of $${\mathcal{B}}$$ -essential graphs

Essential graphs and largest chain graphs are well-established graphical representations of equivalence classes of directed acyclic graphs and chain graphs respectively, especially useful in the context of model selection. Recently, the notion of a labelled block ordering of vertices was introduced as a flexible tool for specifying subfamilies of chain graphs. In particular, both the family of directed acyclic graphs and the family of “unconstrained” chain graphs can be specified in this way, for the appropriate choice of . The family of chain graphs identified by a labelled block ordering of vertices is partitioned into equivalence classes each represented by means of a -essential graph. In this paper, we introduce a topological ordering of meta-arrows and use this concept to devise an efficient procedure for the construction of -essential graphs. In this way we also provide an efficient procedure for the construction of both largest chain graphs and essential graphs. The key feature of the proposed procedure is that every meta-arrow needs to be processed only once.     

论关联与广告翻译中的语篇重构

关联理论的翻译观揭示了语码转换的本质。在语码转换的过程中,关联性起着决定性的作用。关联理论对于以实现AIDA功能为目的的广告翻译的翻译原则和应该采取的翻译策略具有强大的解释力。语篇重构作为一种对原文的结构和语言形式进行较大幅度的改动的翻译方法,是实现广告功能对等,使译出语符合译入语市场消费行为和译入语行文习惯,从而实现外来广告的本土化的主要翻译策略。