Chain graph models: topological sorting of meta-arrows and efficient construction of $${\mathcal{B}}$$ -essential graphs

Essential graphs and largest chain graphs are well-established graphical representations of equivalence classes of directed acyclic graphs and chain graphs respectively, especially useful in the context of model selection. Recently, the notion of a labelled block ordering of vertices was introduced as a flexible tool for specifying subfamilies of chain graphs. In particular, both the family of directed acyclic graphs and the family of “unconstrained” chain graphs can be specified in this way, for the appropriate choice of . The family of chain graphs identified by a labelled block ordering of vertices is partitioned into equivalence classes each represented by means of a -essential graph. In this paper, we introduce a topological ordering of meta-arrows and use this concept to devise an efficient procedure for the construction of -essential graphs. In this way we also provide an efficient procedure for the construction of both largest chain graphs and essential graphs. The key feature of the proposed procedure is that every meta-arrow needs to be processed only once.     

谈文学翻译中的风格等值问题——兼评“OfStudies”的2个译本

从思想内容、遣词造句和再现原作风格方面评析散文名篇"OfStudies"的2个译本——王佐良先生和水天同先生的译本。认为王佐良先生的译本无论在体现原作风格和思想内容上都做得恰到好处,充分体现了"信、达、雅"的翻译标准,指出一篇译文除了准确表达原作的思想内容外,在风格上也应尽量贴近原文文本,做到"文随体异"。     

外事宣传翻译技巧浅探

外事宣传有本身的语言特色和翻译目标。奈达的对等理论与交际理论在外事宣传翻译上有着很好的指导作用 ,灵活运用并利用四种翻译技巧可为外事宣传翻译增色不少     

从双关语的翻译看奈达的功能对等理论

双关语是汉语和英语中常见的修辞手段。由于两种语言中词语的含义的不对等及语言中词的音义结合的任意性 ,在汉译中再现英文双关修辞的效果是很难的。这一困难反映了奈达功能对等理论的局限性     

翻译中的语用等值

语用等值翻译即译者力求译文接近或等于原文的效果,既要注意具有明显民族文化特征的词语的翻译,也要注重对"言外之义"的理解与传达。     

似与不似——论文学作品汉译英过程立场分析的作用

古今中外的作家都会在自己的作品中表达个人的立场与观点。翻译文学作品时,应十分重视原作者的立场观点。而原作者往往通过间接的方法将其立场观点隐含在作品深层,这就给翻译带来困难。汉译英时,汉语中有些文化背景的内容涉及到原作者的立场,译者要认真考虑原文的深层意义,也要考虑译文读者的接受状况。译者务必透过词语表层发掘作品的深层含义,使译文读者得到与原文读者大致相同的感受,达到译文与原文功能对等之目的     

论翻译的核心问题－对等及对等原则

译界有关翻译原则的论争真是百花齐放,百家争鸣,谁也说服不了谁.论争本身是好的,但因留下的"悬案"太多而造成"核心"理论的相对不足.而这种不足,导致有的学者对翻译学的建设失去信心,也从一定意义上影响了翻译学本身的建设和发展.通过对翻译及翻译原则的发展进程进行粗略回顾,从句法结构,语义内容和语用语境的角度来阐释翻译的核心问题--对等,得出结论是对等的取得是译者的最高理想,对等原则是翻译的最高原则.     

法律语言程式化与法律翻译

法律语言的功能首先是规范调节作用,其次才是提供信息.法律的规范调节功能与程式化的法律语言关系密切,法律翻译时必须正确处理语言程式化的问题.要实现法律翻译的功能对等,就需要做到源语和译入语之间的三种对等,即法律文本整体框架的形式对等,法律语言语用功能的对等,逻辑结构的对等.不同层面的对等亦涉及用词、句法、篇章结构等问题.     

Effort-reward imbalance and work-home interference: a two-wave study among European male nurses

ABSTRACT

This one-year follow-up study among 1,421 male nurses from seven European countries tested the validity of the Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) model in predicting prospective vital exhaustion and work-home interference. We hypothesised that effort and lack of reward would have both main and interactive effects on future outcomes. Results of structural equation modelling (SEM) showed that effort was positively related to exhaustion and work-home interference, both simultaneously and over time. Lack of reward predicted increased exhaustion at follow-up, but effort-reward imbalance did not influence the outcomes. Additionally, Time 1 exhaustion predicted increased work-home interference and exhaustion at follow-up. These results do not support the ERI model, which postulates a primacy of effort-reward imbalance over main effects. Instead, the findings are in line with dual path models of job stress and work-home interference. Multi-group SEM showed partial cross-cultural metric invariance for the ERI measure of effort, but the ERI measure of rewards showed no metric measurement invariance, indicating its meaning is qualitatively different across cultures. Nevertheless, the main conclusions were markedly similar for each national sub-sample. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our study.     

Paired-Samples Tests of Equivalence

Equivalence tests are used when the objective is to find that two or more groups are nearly equivalent on some outcome, such that any difference is inconsequential. Equivalence tests are available for several research designs, however, paired-samples equivalence tests that are accessible and relevant to the research performed by psychologists have been understudied. This study evaluated parametric and nonparametric two one-sided paired-samples equivalence tests and a standardized paired-samples equivalence test developed by Wellek (2003 Wellek , S. (2003). Testing Statistical Hypotheses of Equivalence . New York : Chapman & Hall/CRC. [Google Scholar]). The two one-sided procedures had better Type I error control and greater power than Wellek's test, with the nonparametric procedure having increased power with non normal distributions.