Misogyny in New York custody decisions with parental alienation and child sexual abuse allegations

This article analyzes 24 New York (NY) published child custody cases decided between 2001 and 2017 that contained parental alienation and child sexual allegations. It addresses whether there was a tendency toward gendered decisions and the evidence on which the decisions were based. It reveals that most decisions favored alienation allegations over child sexual abuse allegations and transferring custody from mothers communicating sexual abuse allegations in court to fathers defending against them by alleging parental alienation. On appeal, these family court decisions were overwhelmingly upheld. The analysis also shows that the decisions were based as often on implicit misogynistic cultural assumptions in the absence of allegation-specific evidence as they were on allegation-specific evidence. The article adds to the growing understanding of sources of bias by proposing four errors that support biased reasoning. It concludes with suggestions about how experts, attorneys, and judges can question themselves and others to reduce bias.     

Robert W. Cox and the Idea of History: Political Economy as Philosophy

Abstract

Within the discipline of international political economy (IPE), the work of Robert Cox is usually associated with the tradition of historical materialism, especially its Gramscian-inspired version. In this paper, however, I explore some of the less visible elements of Cox's thought. In particular, I highlight a variant of historicism which, although not without a connection to Gramsci's conception of the philosophy of praxis and absolute historicism, is more fully aligned with the work of Collingwood, Vico, Braudel, and Carr. I identify this as a variant of historical idealism, and I suggest that it is this element of his thought which provides a deep intellectual coherence to his work across the different stages of his career. Furthermore, I argue that this use of the idea of history distinguishes Cox's approach from more radical and constructivist accounts of world order, and allows him to connect his framework of historical structures to his method of diachronic change, which centres ultimately on his conception of intersubjectivity. I close by suggesting that Cox's interest in civilizations is deeply connected to these formative historicist influences, which in turn helps to account for why his later work resonates less well with much contemporary historical materialist IPE analysis.     

基于诉讼风险分析的智能推理应用探究

人工智能技术的快速发展为诉讼规则知识库构建奠定了坚实基础.当前在诉讼风险分析中,智能推理存在司法风险规则知识库匮乏、诉讼风险分析技术较低等弊端,以致无法从根本上化解证据、诉讼时效和行为规范等方面的风险.是以,需要就案件类型化后随机抽取,并收集案例的起诉状、证据、案情和裁判文书,在对多方证据关联分析模型进行解析的基础上,设计开发诉讼时效性规则知识库、当事人行为规范性规则知识库以及证据有效性规则知识库,结合多方证据关联模型,并与法律法规知识库和诉讼风险规则知识库融合,运用决策树算法,关系网络推理技术列举分析可能存在的诉讼风险,最终达至对诉讼风险点的识别、裁判结果的精准预测和合理分流不必要的诉讼,以期为民众提供全面的诉讼决策指引.     

论法院援引宪法的规范

宪法司法化一直是理论界和实务界积极探索的重大问题。合宪性解释是宪法实施的重要方式，法院在裁判文书中援引宪法已经成为司法实践的常态。当前，由于缺乏明确、统一的法院援引宪法规范，各级人民法院在援引宪法时各行其是，不利于维护宪法尊严和保障宪法实施。最高人民法院应当尽快出台法院援引宪法的规范，明确法院援引宪法的概念，规定法院援引宪法的情形，统一法院援引宪法的格式，同时通过完善责任机制、监督机制和指导性案例机制等措施，保障法院恰当援引宪法。此外，允许法院在援引宪法时对其作出法律方法层面的阐释，是法院援引宪法制度的重要内容和法院援引宪法规范的可期待内容。     

知识付费背景下推进网络思政教育的现实挑战、逻辑理路及其实践路径

互联网时代，知识付费正在成为知识生产、传播和价值实现的客观事实和文化景观。知识遭遇付费浪潮所衍生的权威象征的知识限度、智能化的技术限度、资本主导的市场限度以及寻求确定性的社会限度已然成为推进网络思政教育的现实挑战。化解知识付费的逻辑幻象，推进网络思政教育的现实展开，需要从知识付费走向知识共享，并在实践中实现涉身性知识社会化，社会性知识真理化，真理性知识价值化，需要及时占领意识形态主阵地，破除知识共享藩篱，建设资源共享平台，整体推进网络思政教育从知识共享走向价值共生。     

Age-related differences in reasoning about the acceptability of eating animals

Children in the western world often are socialized as meat-eaters, while caring much about animals. Yet we know little about how children think about eating animals and animal products, which will have important consequences for global meat consumption. Participants (n = 479, 80% White British, 57% female; children n = 119, Mage = 10.03, SD = 0.72; young adults n = 181, Mage = 19.09, SD = 0.85; adults n = 179, Mage = 40.97, SD = 8.18) reasoned about the acceptability of eating animals and animal products. Using the framework of social domain theory, we found that that children focused on moral concerns (p < .001, ηp2 = .01), whereas adults referenced conventions about the natural and necessary components of eating meat. Participants across age groups reported eating animal products (e.g., milk) to be acceptable because animals were not harmed. Together these results indicate that attempts to reduce meat consumption ought to be tailored in a domain-specific manner to age groups.     

3-6岁儿童比例推理、空间类比与近似数量系统的发展及关系

为了探究3-6岁儿童比例推理、空间类比与近似数量系统的发展特点，以及三者之间存在的关系及变化,选取120名3-6岁儿童为被试用“草莓酱任务”“找鸡蛋任务”以及Panamath进行测查，结果发现，3岁儿童就已经具有初步的比例推理、空间类比能力；儿童在3-6岁期间，比例推理、空间类比、近似数量系统随年龄增长而提高；比例推理、空间类比与近似数量系统三者之间相关性显著，但这种相关性在3-6岁阶段随年龄增长而减弱。控制性别与年龄后，3-6岁儿童的比例推理与空间类比可以预测儿童的近似数量系统，比例推理能够调节空间类比对近似数量系统的影响。     

Vulnerability assessment of strait/canals in maritime transportation using fuzzy evidential reasoning approach

The safety and security of straits and canals have been playing an important role in maritime transportation. The disruption of a strait or canal will lead to increased transportation costs and world trade problems. Therefore, an advanced approach incorporating fuzzy logic and an evidential reasoning (ER) algorithm is developed to conduct the vulnerability assessment of straits or canals in this paper. A hierarchical structure is first developed taking into account both qualitative and quantitative factors. The fuzzy rule-based transformation technique is applied to convert quantitative factors into qualitative ones, which enables the application of a fuzzy ER method to synthesize all the information from the bottom to the top along the developed hierarchical structure. The software of intelligent decision system (IDS) is used to facilitate the process of vulnerability assessment. The developed framework then is validated and demonstrated in a case study for vulnerability prioritization which can be used as a reference to ensure the safety and security of straits and canals for decision-makers.     

论社会主义核心价值观在裁判文书说理中的融入

文章考察了中国裁判文书网上采用社会主义核心价值观进行裁判文书说理的裁判文书所存在的问题,进而分析了出现问题的原因和将核心价值观融入裁判文书说理的必要性,最后依据价值哲学和司法规律论述了核心价值观应如何融入裁判文书说理,包括:原则上只应用于补充论证部分,精准把握价值要素,注意层次,加强对疑难案件的运用。