专利正当性：阿罗悖论的困境及其重释

知识是由不同层级的信息所构成。构成发明的知识是显性知识和隐性知识的混合。隐性知识难以表达,也难于共享,并不具有公共产品的属性。这使得传统上用以阐释专利正当性的“阿罗信息公开悖论”理论缺乏逻辑和实践的解释力,因而需要重释“阿罗悖论”。隐性知识在一定条件下可以外化为显性知识,专利正当性在于激励发明人将隐性知识外化。它以专利文献为媒介而将隐性知识外化代码向公众公开,以排他权为手段来激励发明人承担隐性知识外化的成本,从而实现隐性知识的扩散（转移）。这表明,未能编码化的隐性知识不受专利保护。在公开充分性条件、普通技术人员标准、现有技术界定、实验例外等重要的专利制度方面,应该防止对专利权人的过分保护。     

Indoor Tanning and Problem Behavior

Objective: The authors examined factors predicting college students' use of tanning beds. Participants and Methods: Undergraduate students (N = 745) at a large Northeastern university participated in the study by answering a survey measuring tanning behavior and other psychosocial variables, including sensation seeking, self-esteem, tanning image beliefs, and friends' tanning bed use. Results: All 3 systems from problem behavior theory predicted past tanning bed use and intention to use tanning beds. The authors observed a positive association between sensation seeking and intention to use tanning beds. Tanning image beliefs were positively associated with both past tanning behavior and intention to use tanning beds. Conclusions: Interventions focusing on friend and acquaintance social network influences may be more effective than health-risk campaigns in reducing tanning bed use.     

Women of Vision: Unique Insights into Women of the 20th Century. edited by Eileen A. Gavinn,Gavin, Aphrodite Clamar,and Mary Anne Siderits

The purpose of this study was to explore comparatively personality variables, subjective well-being variables, and participation in daily life activities in 150 women aged 50 to 82 years with different employment status. Moreover, we also analyzed the extent to which personality and participation in daily life activities accounted for life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect. Results from analyses of variance showed that there were significant differences between women with different working status. Multiple regression analyses revealed that self-esteem, optimism, and social activities accounted for a significant amount of variance in predicting life satisfaction and positive affect.     

The Helpfulness of Holistic Arts–Based Group Work with Children Living in Foster Care

This article discusses practice-based research that is exploring the helpfulness of holistic arts–based group work for the development of self-awareness and self-esteem in children living in foster care. The group program is arts based and encourages children to explore their beliefs, feelings, and behaviors. Examples of group exercises are provided, challenges in developing this group program are discussed, and qualitative research findings are presented, which are based on the analysis of fifteen 6-week groups. Findings indicate that children learned new skills, improved coping abilities, connected with feelings, and felt more positive. Practitioners are encouraged to consider how arts-based group work can help children in care.     

Self-Esteem Mediates the Relationship Between Volunteering and Depression for African American Caregivers

Research on the influence of volunteering on mental health outcomes has not placed enough focus on African American female caregivers who are at risk for adverse outcomes such as depression. This study addresses this gap by examining the mechanism through which volunteering might influence depressive symptoms using data collected from 521 African American female caregivers of older adults. Regression results indicate that although volunteering is inversely associated with depressive symptoms, self-esteem mediates this relationship. Findings suggest inclusion in volunteering for African American female caregivers may be relevant to promotion of their mental well-being.     

探索隐性知识在语言学习早期的重要性

作为一门学科,语言长期给人一种迷茫。不进学校,人们自然会讲母语;进了学校,人们也不一定会讲外语。其实,该问题的关键是人们没有搞清楚语言的二重性或二种知识：显性知识（有关语言的知识）和隐性知识（语言自身）。围绕这一现象,本文从理论和实践上对这两种知识在语言学习过程中的影响和作用作了一定的阐述与论证。指出要让学生掌握语言,教师必须充分认识语言的基本特征和语言隐性知识的重要性,用隐形学习的方式来开拓学生的隐性语法和隐形记忆的能力,以正真掌握语言。     

大学生的自尊水平、内外控与童年遭受体罚的关系

该研究从自尊水平、内外控两个角度入手,探讨它们与童年遭受体罚之间的关系。采用儿时管教史问卷中的体罚分量表（Berger,1988）、自尊量表（Rosenberg,1965）、内在一外在心理控制源量表（Rotter,1966）对山东师范大学330名在校大学生进行随机整群问卷调查,数据处理采用卡方检验、方差分析和相关分析等统计方法。研究结果表明：（1）大学生在童年时期普遍遭受过父母的体罚,且不存在性别与家庭所在地等方面的显著差异。（2）大学生的自尊水平在性别与家庭所在地等方面不存在统计学上的显著差异;大学生的内外控存在性别差异,女生比男生更倾向于内控,而不存在家庭所在地方面的差异。（3）童年时期遭受的体罚与大学生的自尊水平与内外控都不存在显著相关。（4）自尊水平与内外控呈现显著的负相关,即自尊水平得分越高,内外控得分越低,即越倾向于内控。     

高自尊的异质性对社会心理健康的影响

为了探讨高自尊的异质性（权变性和防御性）对个体社会心理健康的影响,采用Rosenberg自尊量表、权变性自尊量表、社会期望量表与社会心理健康问卷等方法对293名大学生施测。结果为高低自尊者在社会心理健康的各维度上都存在显著差异（P〈.001）;高自尊的权变性和防御性都是攻击性的重要预测因素,高自尊的防御性能有效预测生活满意度和消极情感。因此,自尊不只存在水平高低之分,全面理解自尊需要考虑自尊的其他特性。     

论说文批判性思维显性教学与隐性教学之比较

批判性思维教学与具体学科的融合已成为研究焦点。论文旨在探讨批判性思维显性教学法与隐性教学法在提高学生论辩思维能力上是否存在差异。研究方法是对英语专业四年级两个班分别进行的为期18周的批判性思维写作能力和评价能力干预实验研究效果进行评价。研究结果表明:第一,显性教学法和隐性教学法在提高学生论说文写作水平上均有明显效果,无显著差异;第二,显性教学法和隐性教学法在提高批判性思维评价能力上也都有明显效果,但存在显著差异,显性教学法更具优势;第三,如何帮助学生更好地实现论辩思维能力向其他学习环境和日常生活环境的迁移