Collective violence as social control

Collective violence is often social control: self-help by a group. It typically defines and responds to conduct as deviant. When unilateral and nongovernmental, it appears in four major forms—lynching, rioting, vigilantism, and terrorism—each distinguished by its system of liability (individual or collective) and degree of organization (higher or lower). Following Donald Black's paradigm of pure sociology, the central assumption is that collective violence varies with its location and direction in social space—the conflict structure. I offer ten propositions that predict and explain the likelihood and severity of collective violence in general and the four forms of collective violence in particular. Conflict structures with a high degree of relational distance, cultural distance, functional independence, and inequality between the adversaries are associated with collective violence in general. Each of the four forms depends on the degree of social polarization between the parties as well as the continuity of the deviant behavior to which the violence responds. Earlier versions of this paper were presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, August 1992, and the Centennial Congress of the International Institute of Sociology, University of Paris (Sorbonne), Paris, June 1993.     

Efficient estimation and model selection in large graphical models

We develop a computationally efficient method to determine the interaction structure in a multidimensional binary sample. We use an interaction model based on orthogonal functions, and give a result on independence properties in this model. Using this result we develop an efficient approximation algorithm for estimating the parameters in a given undirected model. To find the best model, we use a heuristic search algorithm in which the structure is determined incrementally. We also give an algorithm for reconstructing the causal directions, if such exist. We demonstrate that together these algorithms are capable of discovering almost all of the true structure for a problem with 121 variables, including many of the directions.     

羊毛染色新方法

本文探讨了羊毛偶合反应染色新方法,即重氮化羊毛与色酚的偶合染色以及预处理羊毛与重氮化色基的偶合染色。研究了羊毛预处理及偶合染色工艺对染色效果和物理机械性能的影响,指出该方法在降低染色成本和提高染色牢度方面具有显著优势。     

透平平面叶栅大负攻角分离流的研究

为了研究透平叶栅大负攻角分离流动的性质,在平面叶栅风洞上对叶栅流道内部及出口半叶高处的流场作了细致的测量,并测得了相应叶高处的叶型表面静压分布。用流动显示方法确定了叶型压力面上的分离区,初步拟出了分离流流型,并用二维时间推进法计算了无分离及有分离时的流场,得到了与实测值较为吻合的叶型表面静压分布及其它流动参数的分布。     

略说汉藏语系的基本谱系结构

根据语音对应语素的有阶分布,汉藏语系包括汉语、藏缅语、苗语三个语族,苗瑶语最早从汉藏语系中分化出来,然后汉语和藏缅语分开。语音对应词的有阶分布还不能证实汉语和南岛语、侗台语、南亚语有同源关系的结论,包含汉藏语和澳越语的超级语系假说还存在困难。     

股权结构与公司治理的相关分析及对我国的启示

由于股权结构的差异形成了股权分散、主要依靠外部市场治理的美国公司治理模式,以及股权集中、主要依靠大股东内部治理的德日公司治理模式。就成熟市场经济而言,股权结构与公司治理绩效之间的关系还没有定论,两种股权结构及其公司治理模式各有其优缺点。我国正处于转轨经济时期,公司治理模式尚存在不少缺陷。通过比较借鉴,我国应当构建股权适度集中的公司治理模式。     

韩国新一轮产业结构调整及其对我国经济结构调整的启示

20世纪90年代以来,韩国经济发展速度放慢的一个重要原因,就是产业结构调整的滞后。目前,韩国正在进行新一轮的产业结构调整,并且初见成效。研究并借鉴韩国产业结构调整的得失,对正处于经济结构调整关键时期的中国来说,大有裨益。     

融资方式与公司治理结构问题研究

现代企业制度是有完善法人治理结构的一种企业制度,然而长期以来我国国企始终存在内部融资能力差、外部融资方式单一、低效益高负债并存,由于融资结构不合理,导致法人治理结构功能失效、内部人控制、股权主体不能有效监督约束管理者,故形同虚设、债券约束软化等一系列独特的经济现象。文章仅就融资方式与公司治理的关联性、公司治理模式以及我国公司治理中存在问题进行了初步探讨,并提出建议。     

信息经济条件下垄断结构定价研究

信息经济条件下传统的定价方法难以适应信息产品的经济特性。通过垄断行为的比较静态和动态模型分析，得出了与传统经济理论不同的结论：在信息经济条件下，垄断在跨时期范围内进行动态歧视性定价行为对资源配置是有效率的，此时垄断厂商的长期均衡条件恰为理想的完全竞争市场的长期均衡条件，它实现了社会福利的最大化。     

公司内部治理及其外部化

随着中国改革开放不断推进以及中国各经济领域逐步对外开放 ,中国公司治理结构的弊端日显突出 ,文章首先从上市公司治理结构的主体谈起 ,继而谈到公司内部治理 ,最后论述公司内部治理可以通过公司外部治理顺利完成而得到解决。