The Role of Interdisciplinary Analysis in Bridging the Gap Between the Technical and Human Sides of Risk Assessment1

It is readily observable that there is a wide gulf between the manner by which the lay public and the manner by which technical experts assess the risks of complex technologies and assimilate these assessments in decisions regarding the acceptance or rejection of technological options. On the public side, this gap in methods and value assessments is a major source of distrust of technical experts and disaffection with the social management of technology. From the viewpoint of the technical experts who introduce or regulate technologies, this gap is both a cauldron of frustration and a perceived justification for paternalistic technocratic decision-making that further alienates important segments of the public. It is the author's belief that unless our society learns how to progress in bridging these gaps within the framework of a comparative mode of risk-cost-benefit analysis of options, the potential net benefits of certain technologies such as commercial nuclear power could well be lost to our society. Research on public risk perception, while potentially an important component in achieving this objective, needs to be restructured from its present static orientation to meet the needs of forward-looking decision-making that accommodates dynamic learning processes of both the public and technical experts as well as the “learning curves” of technological improvements historically accompanying successful innovations. Moreover, no less attention needs to be devoted to improved benefit assessment along with ethical and equity considerations in decision-making involving the reconciliation of conflict between individual and societal interests. This paper examines the vital importance of interdisciplinary analysis in fulfilling these needs.     

幼儿心理健康评定量表(CMHA-80)的编制及信效度检验

幼儿心理健康评定量表(CMHA-80)由注意力、认知、情绪情感、意志力、自我意识、性格、人际关系、社会行为、适应性、其它10个内容量表和1个效度量表构成,共80个项目。该量表家长测评内部一致性信度0.948,教师测评内部一致性信度0.968,信度高。家长测评各分量表与量表总分之间的相关系数为0.272-0.826;教师测评各分量表与量表总分之间的相关系数为0.357-0.880,且都存在显著相关,结构效度良好。量表评定结果与现场访谈问卷结果,在幼儿心理健康总体水平(较好)、有心理健康问题倾向的幼儿比例(约8%左右)上高度吻合,具有良好的校标效度。因此《幼儿心理健康评定量表(CMHA-80)》具有良好的信效度,符合测量学的指标。适用于3-6岁的幼儿心理健康相关研究的工具,具有幼儿心理健康水平测评、心理健康问题筛查和心理辅导效果评估等功能,并且能够引导幼儿园和学前教育机构进行幼儿的心理健康教育活动。     

对美国战略评估的再思考：理论与方法

战略评估是指关于战略制定和实施的综合评价和衡量,主要体现为大国对世界发展趋势的一种综合分析。战略评估是整个战略决策流程中的重要部分,高质量的战略评估并不能保证高质量的最终战略决策,但是最终战略决策和外交政策必须依赖战略评估。当代美国的战略评估制度,有一套完备体系和科学手段。内容上涵盖了长时间、大空间和多重领域,对政治、经济、军力、科技甚至产业现状和未来趋势做出评估。本文从美国战略评估理论的发展、战略评估的特点出发,以净评估方法为例,深入探讨美国战略评估的方法,进而讨论如何应用这些方法来分析美国国家安全战略报告。只有掌握美国战略评估的理论、逻辑和方法,才能够更好地理解美国战略评估的文本背后的政策含义,从而为应对来自美国的外部挑战提供更为准确的对应措施,也能够进一步推动国际关系理论的发展。     

高校教学评估档案的管理及模式选择

高校教学评估档案产生于日常的教学管理与教学实践过程。高校本科教学工作水平评估与档案管理之间有着密切的关系,档案是本科教学工作水平评估的基础,教学评估也有力地带动了档案工作的规范化。对高校档案的管理,要实行集中统一管理和单独设类管理,要对档案信息进行再加工,使其真正反映学校教学实践成果。高校教学评估既促进了高校档案体系的不断完善,也促进了管理水平的不断提高。     

增强马克思主义理论课教学的针对性和实效性探讨

针对高校在马克思主义理论课教学中存在的“三侧重、三疏忽”的问题,为增强马克思主义理论课教学的针对性和实效性,从教学内容、方法和命题考核等方面提出了一些看法,进行了初步的探讨。     

应用技术类科技成果评价及指标体系研究

应用技术类科技成果评价机制不完善,特别是成果评价指标体系的缺失或不科学是影响我国应用技术类科技成果转化的重要因素。本文以应用技术类科技成果评价为研究内容,分析了应用技术类科技成果评价目前存在的主要问题,构建了成果评价指标体系,并在借鉴发达国家成功经验的基础上提出了完善应用技术类科技成果评价的对策建议。     

The impact of routine assessment of past or current mental health on help-seeking in the perinatal period

BackgroundClinical practice guidelines now recommend that women be asked about their past or current mental health as a routine component of maternity care. However, the value of this line of enquiry in increasing engagement with support services, as required, remains controversial.AimThe current study aimed to examine whether assessment of past or current mental health, received with or without referral for additional support, is associated with help-seeking during pregnancy and the postpartum.MethodsA subsample of women drawn from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health (young cohort) who reported experiencing significant emotional distress during pregnancy (N = 398) or in the 12 months following birth (N = 380) participated in the study.ResultsMultivariate analysis showed that women who were not asked about their emotional health were less likely to seek any formal help during both pregnancy (adjOR = 0.09, 95%CI: 0.04–0.24) and the postpartum (adjOR = 0.07, 95%CI: 0.02–0.13), as were women who were asked about these issues but who were not referred for additional support (antenatal: adjOR = 0.26, 95%CI: 0.15–0.45; postnatal: adjOR = 0.14, 95%CI: 0.07–0.27). However, considerable levels of consultation with general practitioners, midwives and child health nurses, even in the absence of referral, were evident.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that enquiry by a health professional about women's past or current mental health is associated with help-seeking throughout the perinatal period. The clinical and resource implications of these findings for the primary health care sector should be considered prior to the implementation of future routine perinatal depression screening or psychosocial assessment programmes.     

科技创业家素质评价指标体系的构建

从分析国外素质评价指标体系构建的理论着手,提出了构建科技创业家素质评价指标体系的方法和步骤。根据问卷调查、访谈和文献研究,并通过德尔菲法、层次分析法等,建立了科技创业家素质评价指标体系,明确了评价指标的内涵、权重赋值和评分标准。     

后现代视角下的学生学业评价研究

基于后现代主义思潮的学业评价价值导向,通过后现代视角从评价内容、方法和主体三个方面对学生学业评价展开分析。以建构主义范式和响应式聚焦来理解评价,以利益相关者的主张、焦虑和争议为焦点,以协商作为学生学业评价的主要形式,通过学业评价的准备、实施、分析和反馈四个阶段的循环模式,不断评价、反馈与修正,从而实现评价主体多元化和方法的多样性。     

In their Own Right: Translating the Policy of Carer Assessment into Practice

Successive legislation has underscored the importance of assessmentsthat are sensitive to the needs of carers and take into accounttheir ability and willingness to continue caring. This papersynthesizes qualitative and quantitative findings from a continuingprogramme of carer-related research that began in 1993 and hascontinued in parallel with legislative changes. It considersthe process and characteristics of carer assessment from theperspectives of carers for individuals with a range of healthand social care needs, and practitioners. This paper exploresthe assessment of carer need over time and highlights the considerableand enduring gap between policy and practice. It considers practitioners’reluctance to offer separate carer assessments, identifies confusionrelating to the interpretation of eligibility criteria and documentsthe limited contribution of health service staff. The need foran evidence-based framework for good practice, that distinguishesbetween carer needs, service provision and carer outcomes, ishighlighted. The paper concludes by identifying key changesthat are necessary to promote future good practice, such asstaff training and information strategies and the need for practitionersto engage with carers as partners in the care process.