Canadian Campus Smoking Policies: Investigating the Gap Between Intent and Outcome From a Student Perspective

Abstract

Background: Young adults remain the earliest legal target for the tobacco industry. Against this, the existence of smoking policies would appear to offer some protection to students on campus. However, little research has been conducted into the outcomes of such policies from a student perspective. Methods: The authors conducted 8 focus groups at 4 selected Canadian undergraduate campuses to investigate student perceptions and behaviors resulting from campus smoking policies. Results: Results indicated that student smoking behaviors are minimally impacted by campus smoking policies due to seriously compromised implementation and enforcement. Conclusions: These findings imply that the presence of campus smoking policies and claims of “smoke-free” campuses should not be misinterpreted as achievement and without renewed focus and adequate tobacco control infrastructure, it will remain possible for young adults to initiate and maintain tobacco smoking on campus.     

The Roman Catholic Church: A Centuries Old History of Awareness of Clerical Child Sexual Abuse (from the First to the 19th Century)

Debates in international forums and in mainstream media on the role, responsibility, liability, and response of ecclesiastical authorities of the Roman Catholic Church (RCC) toward clerical child sexual abuse (cCSA) fail to take into account the historical roots and awareness of the problem. Reports also fail to mention the historic organizational laws RCC developed over centuries. In contrast, RCC documents evidence that the Catholic Church not only carried century’s old history of cCSA, but also repeatedly condemned cCSA by successive papal authorities, organizational laws, and institutional management mechanisms. During the first millennium, however, church laws remained confined to the bookshelves and were not converted into appropriate management policies and infrastructural models. This was largely due to the absence of a central administrative organizational structure, which developed later in the 12th century, following the Second Council of Lateran (1139) when the Papacy asserted its authority to establish administrative control over the organizational church. It was only then that management policies started to be framed and institutional structures enacted to deal more appropriately with cCSA from the 14th to 20th centuries. Despite this, RCC developed a culture of secrecy using clandestine organizational management models and institutional laws prescribed in 1568, 1622, 1741, 1866, 1922, and 1962 which aimed to manage cCSA. The current study traces reported cCSA as far back as the first century and critically examines the organizational laws, and institutional policies developed by RCC to address clerical sexual misconduct up to the end of the 19th century.     

Multiculturalism and welfare state integration: Swedish model path dependency

The present article offers an account of Swedish integration policies in the post-war period. The theoretical purpose is to assess Christian Joppke’s hypothesis that recent trends of integration policy convergence have rendered the national model approach analytically useless. The analysis shows that Sweden deviates, in some important respects, from the European trend by not formulating demands that link integration achievements to immigrants’ access to fundamental rights. The conclusion is that the Swedish case does not support Joppke’s hypothesis, but rather indicates that path dependency of national models is a valid explanation to ongoing developments. It is argued that the Swedish exception should be understood as an expression of the persistent impact of a policy logic according to which integration requires that all citizens have equal and universal access to certain fundamental rights. The article builds on general comparisons with European policy developments and uses Denmark as a more specific reference point.     

Separate and Unequal: The Housing Act of 1968 and the Section 235 Program

In recent years scholars have identified racial disparities in wealth and home ownership as crucial factors underlying patterns of racial inequality and residential segregation in American metropolitan housing markets. While numerous federal housing policies have been identified as responsible for reinforcing residential segregation and racial inequalities in home ownership, little research has focused on the segregative effects of the Section 235 program. As one component of the 1968 Housing Act, Section 235 was designed to shift the focus of federal housing policy away from dispensing aid to local housing authorities for building public housing to providing direct supply-side subsidies to the private sector to stimulate home ownership for nonwhites and the poor. Archival and census data, government reports and housing analyses, and oral histories and interviews are used to examine the segregative effects of the Section 235 program in Kansas City, Missouri from 1969 through the early 1970s. Findings indicate that while the housing subsidy program allowed a vast majority of participating white families to purchase new housing in suburban areas, most participating African American families purchased existing homes located in racially transitional neighborhoods in the inner city. These findings corroborate recent research showing how the market-centered focus of federal housing policy has impaired the ability of African Americans to accumulate wealth through home ownership and reinforced racially segregative housing patterns.     

高校"树人"的历史责任

高校承担着培育“四有”新人的历史责任。为此 ,高等教育必须坚持党的教育方针不动摇 ,与时俱进 ,迎接挑战 ,切实加强和改进新时期大学生思想政治教育工作     

中国的城乡差距:原因反思与政策调整

中国的城乡差距已经到达一个令人不安的水平。这是由多种因素造成的。生产力分布的特点和市场机制的作用客观上决定了农村在城乡关系中的弱势地位,但不适当的制度和政策同样是重要原因,而且更值得我们去审视和检讨。必须统筹城乡经济社会发展,改革计划经济体制下形成的城乡分治的各种制度,重点突破制约"三农"问题的体制性矛盾和结构性矛盾,加速农村工业化和城市化进程,促进农民向非农领域的就业转移,积极推动城乡融合。只有这样,才能不断地缩小以致最终消除城乡差距。     

从"白澳政策"到多元文化教育--试探澳大利亚多元文化教育体制形成的艰难历程

20世纪70年代以前,澳大利亚政府推行“白澳政策”,不但给土著居民和有色人种造成极大的痛苦,而且加剧了国内民族矛盾,使澳大利亚政府在国际上陷入孤立地位。自从20世纪70年代澳大利亚政府废除了“白澳政策”,实行多元文化教育政策以来,各民族的团结得到了加强,全国教育事业得到了迅速发展。在新世纪来临之际,澳大利亚政府正在进一步完善多元文化教育政策,迎接经济全球化的严峻挑战。     

试析清末新政对中国文化与经济近代化的影响

近代中国的落后,使得中国饱受列强的欺凌,先进的中国人掀起了爱国自救运动,与此同时,清政府的上层统治者也在审时度势推行"清末新政",其对中国的文化与经济发展起到重大作用.     

我国中等收入者比重扩大的效应分析

党的十六大报告第一次提出以共同富裕为目标,扩大中等收入者比重,提高低收入者收入水平,这一论断丰富了我国的分配政策。在全面建设小康社会的过程中,中等收入者比重的扩大是社会稳定的基础,是经济发展的推动力量,是先进文化的消费和创造的强大动力。     

论中国旅游行业管理制度的改革

中国旅游行业管理制度的改革既要借鉴外国先进经验,又要考虑现行制度的连续性。改革内容包括现有制度的保留与深化、取消与淡化、创新与拓展,以及执行主体从政府向协会的转移。