Origins and destinies: Immigration to the United States since World War II

Contemporary immigration to the United States and the formation of new ethnic groups are the complex and unintended social consequences of the expansion of the nation to its post-World War II position of global hegemony. Immigrant communities in the United States today are related to a history of American military, political, economic, and cultural involvement and intervention in the sending countries, especially in Asia and the Caribbean Basin, and to the linkages that are formed in the process that open a variety of legal and illegal migration pathways. The 19.8 million foreign-born persons counted in the 1990 U.S. census formed the largest immigrant population in the world, though in relative terms, only 7.9% of the U.S. population was foreign-born, a lower proportion than earlier in this century. Today's immigrants are extraordinarily diverse, a reflection of polar-opposite types of migrations embedded in very different historical and structural contexts. Also, unlike the expanding economy that absorbed earlier flows from Europe, since the 1970s new immigrants have entered an hourglass economy with reduced opportunities for social mobility, particularly among the less educated, and new waves of refugees have entered a welfare state with expanded opportunities for public assistance. This paper seeks to make sense of the new diversity. A typology of contemporary immigrants is presented, and their patterns of settlement, their distinctive social and economic characteristics compared to major native-born racial-ethnic groups, and their different modes of incorporation in—and consequences for—American society are considered.     

The majority legal status of women in southern Africa: implications for women and families

Women in many countries of southern Africa do not have majority status or have only recently gained this right. Majority status grants individuals adult legal status and the right to bring matters to court, own and administer property, have legal custody of children, and contract for marriage. This article summarizes the legal status of women in Botswana, Lesotho, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Lack of majority status contributes to the ongoing risk of poverty for women and makes them overly dependent on men. Compounding the situation in these countries is the presence of a dual legal system. Improving the situation of women and their families involves targeting changes in the legal system, influencing implementation of laws, educating women about their rights, and giving women needed support to seek their legal rights. The legal status of women must be viewed in the context of historical changes in the economic, educational, political, and cultural developments of society.The research for this paper was conducted during her previous faculty affiliation with the University of Michigan, School of Social Work. Her research interests include the impact of social change on women and families, rural mental health services, and health and mental health linkages. She received her Ph.D. from Rutgers University and her M.S.W. from the Columbia University School of Social Work.Her research interests are gender, work and family, culture and power, social transformations in rural and peri-urban communities, critical education, women and community politics, history of women, family and kinship issues, and community-based program development and evaluation. She received her M.S.W. from Dalhousie University, Halifax.     

论中国脱贫攻坚的理论与实践创新

党的十八大以来,我国扶贫开发进入脱贫攻坚阶段。脱贫攻坚理论与实践创新不断深化推进,不仅彰显脱贫攻坚在决胜全面小康社会进程中的重要地位,也预示贫困研究与贫困干预模式的转型。在习近平扶贫思想引导下,坚持精准扶贫精准脱贫方略,推进扶贫体制、机制、路径的改革创新。顶层设计日益完善,实践领域不断破局,取得了前所未有的减贫成效。基于打赢脱贫攻坚战的实践经验与现实需要,贫困研究和反贫困实践的互动愈加频繁,新理论引导实践不断创新发展,实践发展又为理论创新拓展经验基础。脱贫攻坚“理论[CD*2]政策[CD*2]实践”互动转换,建构了意识形态话语与政策科学研究的互动空间,避免了学术研究成果与现实发展需求的割裂,也激发了学术与政策领域的研究活力。推进这一模式的发展与完善不仅有助于脱贫攻坚的理论与实践创新,也有助于为世界减贫提供中国方案。     

西部山区农民易地扶贫搬迁意愿的影响因素

从现在到2020年是打赢脱贫攻坚战的关键时期,从农民自身角度研究搬迁意愿,对加快实施易地扶贫移民搬迁具有重要意义。研究依据西方微观人口迁移理论：地方效用理论、计划行为理论和效价[CD*2]期望理论,整合构建了中国国情下由政府引导的易地扶贫搬迁意愿的理论分析框架。以陕南移民搬迁为例,在验证性因子分析的基础上,运用有序Logit模型和最优尺度模型对理论假设进行检验。结果显示：①心理因素、政策和预期因素、环境因素对搬迁意愿具有显著影响 ②控制变量中家庭人口数、非农劳动力比例、家庭成员求学婚姻等控制变量与搬迁意愿显著相关;③没有搬迁的主要的顾虑是搬迁后找不到工作、城镇生活成本高、搬迁成本高、搬迁后的适应等问题。研究建议政府部门在搬迁补助、就业安置、搬迁后适应等方面加大支持力度,增强搬迁的信心。     

精准扶贫与老年贫困消减

精准扶贫是针对以往粗放型扶贫方式提出的扶贫方略。 提高扶贫效率,实现社会公平是精准扶贫的核心要件。 老年贫困人口是贫困群体的主体,要低成本、高效率地消减老年贫困问题,要更多地依靠社会保障制度建设,即更多地依靠制度性力量,更多地依赖市场力量。 只有建立和完善与我国社会发展阶段相契合的“ 普惠+特惠冶 的基本社会保障制度,才能真正实现老年人口精准扶贫的政策初衷,从而提升社会的效率与公平。     

我国绿色基础设施的经济价值预算与分析

绿色基础设施是自然的生态基础设施和半自然的市政绿色空间的结合,它遵循自然发展的规律,在改善生态环境和保护生物多样性的同时,也蕴藏着新的经济增长点.本研究尝试构建绿色基础设施经济价值评价指标,测算全国各省的绿色基础设施经济价值(2004-2015),探究其区域分布状况,并进一步运用灰色模型预测2016年、2020年和2025年我国绿色基础设施的经济价值,以期提升人们对绿色基础设施的认识,为在城市规划中建设和完善绿色基础设施提供参考,促进生态环境与经济的良性循环,推动城市可持续发展.     

社会资本视角下“以购代捐”精准扶贫模式研究 ——基于凉山彝族自治州的实证分析

以凉山彝族自治州在精准扶贫过程中,为破解贫困地区“孤岛效应”,探索“以购代捐”扶贫模式为例,基于社会资本导向 的反贫困治理策略,分析“以购代捐”扶贫模式的理论内涵、演进路径、模式创新等,提出“以购代捐”正面临,物流投入滞后,影 响农产品品质;质量标准缺乏,制约农产品价格;质量检测缺位,食品安全堪忧;产品价格缺乏优势,长期执行易陷入行政摊派 等现实问题,为了完善“以购代捐”精准扶贫模式,建议：一要调动贫困农户生产积极性,保证农民“爱种（养）”;二要合理兼顾帮 扶单位的利益,让对口帮扶单位“爱吃”;三是政策措施要简单易行,让行政主管部门“爱扶”。     

乡村振兴视域下打赢凉山彝区脱贫攻坚战的对策思考①

今年初,习近平总书记考察凉山脱贫攻坚工作,鼓舞了凉山干部群众打赢脱贫攻坚战的信心和决心。十九大提出的乡村 振兴战略是凉山脱贫奔康的行动指南。当前凉山彝区脱贫攻坚任务仍然很艰巨。实施乡村振兴战略,助力凉山打赢脱贫攻坚 战的思路是：促进产业兴旺,夯实乡村振兴之基,固牢脱贫致富之本;强化绿色宜居导向,改造提升乡村基础设施,实现贫困农 民安居乐业;坚持乡风文明导向,移风易俗,培育脱贫致富内生动力;开展农村社会有效治理,根除致贫致愚的恶习,引导村民 健康生活;把生活富裕直接奋斗目标,狠抓基础民生工程,提升村民文化素质和健康水平,为脱贫致富提供长久保障。     

接点治理：论精准扶贫过程中的“村民评议”——对湘西B村的个案研究

作为深入乡土社会的“事件”,精准扶贫触发了国家政权和乡土社会之间的分歧。在数字化治理技术与乡土生活模糊性之间、国家正式权力与农村内生秩序之间、“区分逻辑”与乡土社会“平均主义”之间,两者存在明显差异。面对分歧,农村基层在精准扶贫过程中采取“村民评议”制度形成“接点治理”格局。研究发现,村民评议形成的接点治理主要包括以下治理机制：以熟人社会构成治理的信息机制,以多元主体参与构成治理的权威机制,以协商讨论构成治理的合法化机制。这一制度创造了新型制度场域和治理接点,有利于实现国家政权与乡土社会之间的融合。推进对湘西B村“村民评议”的个案分析,发掘其中的治理机制,完善其中存在的不足,实现从接点分离到接点融合,推进基层社会的有效治理。     

新贫困视域下乡村转型的困厄与重构路径

中国社会转型的重要背景之一是全球消费社会的到来。 这使得新穷人现象日渐凸显,并成为影响甚至主导整个社会转型的核心线索。 作为新穷人的典型表现,乡村新贫困既包括在城乡二元结构下,村民难以获得以城市生活方式为参照的社会公认生活水准而引发的结构性贫困,也包括由消费欲望激发的社会心理性贫困。 由此,乡村消费转型表现为如下困境:私人消费中,个体消费认同在地和脱嵌的困境以及家庭消费规范物质化和人伦的两难;集体消费中,消费品“上移冶和“下乡冶的悖论。 为应对这些困境,必须从消费角度,破解“新穷困冶的结构性和文化困境,实行新型城镇化和新农村建设并举。