场域、惯习和资本:布迪厄与马克思在实践观上的不同视域

布迪厄的社会实践观是在继承了马克思实践观的基础上加以改造而创立的,在实践场所(在马克思实践观中称为实践对象)上,布迪厄用场域概念代替了客体;在实践策略(实践逻辑)上,布迪厄用惯习概念代替了实践观念;在实践工具上,布迪厄引用并深化了马克思的资本概念.布迪厄的场域、惯习和资本概念为我们全面深入地理解马克思的实践观,提供了富有启迪意义的哲学视域.     

论译者的“思维习惯”——以《红楼梦》中连动句翻译为例

运用描写翻译学中“思维习惯”的概念，来解释杨宪益在翻译《红楼梦》中连动句时所采取的不同翻译策略，认为“思维习惯”的概念可以涵盖译者的源语思维习惯、译人语思维习惯以及协调两者之间关系的翻译观，可以比较全面地概括影响译者行为的社会心理因素，有助于认识译者在翻译过程中的心理特点。     

The diversity trap? Critical explorations of black male teachers’ negotiations of leadership and learning in London state schools

ABSTRACT

Black and minority ethnic teachers are significantly underrepresented in British schools. Despite increasing anxieties about Britain’s ‘diversity shortage’ among teachers, recent studies on the experiences of Black teachers generally, and Black male teachers specifically, remain rather sparse. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 25 Black Caribbean and Black African male teachers with five or more years of experience in London schools, this article deploys Bourdieusian conceptions of organizational habitus to explore the ways in which the national ‘diversity shortage’ can lead to a local ‘diversity trap’ in state schools that limits the range of roles Black male teachers are encouraged to pursue in schools. Findings suggest that pressures for Black male teachers to serve in racialized roles as community liaisons, role models, and school-wide disciplinarians, particularly for ethno-racial minority students, have stymied the long-term progress of Black male teachers towards departmental and administrative leadership – ranks at which the diversity shortage is even more acute.     

The linguistic sense of placement: Habitus and the entextualization of translingual practices in Swedish academia

This paper adopts a Bourdieusian approach to discourse in contemporary Swedish academia. Habitus, entextualization, and translingual practice are employed as epistemological perspectives for investigating the place of Swedish in the text trajectories of two disciplines where English prevails in publishing. Data from meeting recordings, email correspondence, and interviews show that Swedish is the legitimate language throughout in the text production and that discipline‐specific Swedish is practiced so long as it encompasses all participants’ repertoires. In fact, the researchers point to an almost physical awkwardness linked to the unwarranted use of English among themselves. Following Bourdieu, it is argued that these sensibilities pertain to the linguistic sense of placement of socialized agents and that the unease of being out of place prevents them from lapsing into what is socially perceived as unacceptable discourse in their translingual practices.     

Anchors,Habitus, and Practices Besieged by War: Women and Gender in the Blockade of Leningrad

As war challenges survival and social relations, how do actors alter and adapt dispositions and practices? To explore this question, I investigate women's perceptions of normal relations, practices, status, and gendered self in an intense situation of wartime survival, the Blockade of Leningrad (1941–1944), an 872‐day ordeal that demographically feminized the city. Using Blockade diaries for data on everyday life, perceptions, and practices, I show how women's gendered skills and habits of breadseeking and caregiving (finding scarce resources and providing aid) were key to survival and helped elevate their sense of status. Yet this did not entice rethinking “gender.” To explore status elevation and gender entrenchment, I build on Bourdieu's theory of habitus and fields to develop anchors: field entities with valence around which actors orient identities and practices. Anchors provide support for preexisting habitus and practices, and filter perceptions from new positions vis‐à‐vis fields and concrete relations. Essentialist identities and practices were reinforced through two processes involving anchors. New status was linked to “women's work” that aided survival of anchors (close others, but also factories and the city), reinforcing acceptance of gender positions. Women perceived that challenging gender relations and statuses could risk well‐being of anchors, reconstructing gender essentialism.     

伊斯兰教福利场域与穆斯林和谐社会的构建

伊斯兰教含有丰富的福利思想,其具体表现为扶危济困、行善助人、和睦家庭和邻里关系等,并形成了一整套制度,如天课制度、外格夫制度、开斋捐、乜贴（施舍）等。实践表明,这些制度的实施,使社会财富得到了合理分配,缓和了贫富矛盾,促进了社会的稳定与和谐。     

诗意空间的权力经纬——布迪厄场域理论在中国古典文人园林中的运用

布迪厄的场域理论为我们研究中国古典文人园林背后的社会关系提供了一种新的可能性。文人园林在遵循权力场域的运作逻辑的同时有其自身相对独立性,它是以文人群体为核心建构起来的权力网络;文人园林作为场域是以文化资本的争夺为中心的;文人园林内的行动者形成一定的审美惯习,但是这一惯习背后隐含着重要的社会区分功能。     

布迪厄实践观念的历史钩沉

布迪厄创造性发展了马克思的个人是社会关系的总和的论断,所提出的“惯习”“场域”“文化资本”“符号暴力”等实践观念在或多或少、或显或隐、或正或反地翻转西方传统哲学的同时,也践习着西方实践哲学内容大于形式的优良传统,并且成为当代社会实践理论的重要代表.布迪厄实践观念的发展总趋向则是真理的不断具体化过程——无限逼近真理的过程.     

Connecting sleep,the neurocognitive memory system,and Bourdieu's habitus concept: Is sleep a generative force of the habitus?

Bourdieu's habitus theory has been criticized for allegedly being static and deterministic. This is partly due to insufficiently elaborated microstructural aspects of the habitus. Previous works have tried to elaborate the habitus' individual side by drawing on neuropsychological and neuroscientific concepts including the neuropsychological memory system. Despite its relevance for several social processes, sleep has not been considered in this context. The present work investigates the interrelatedness of habitus, sleep, and the memory system with particular focus on the determinism and staticity critique. It shows that the neuropsychological memory system overlaps largely with implicit memory and sleep plays an important role in the formation of habitus‐relevant memory. Moreover, sleep enhances processes such as memory consolidation, reflexivity, associative creativity, and dream‐associated simulation of unknown situations which counter the determinism and staticity critique. The present article argues that habitus, memory, and sleep are closely related and memory and sleep represent operational micro‐structures of the habitus. Moreover, sleep‐related processes represent a generative force that renders the habitus more dynamic. Finally, strengths and weaknesses of the habitus‐memory‐sleep nexus are discussed and further lines of research are outlined.     

Bourdieu and Social Movements: Considering Identity Movements in Terms of Field,Capital and Habitus

This article examines the explanatory capacity of Pierre Bourdieu's work in relation to social movements and, in particular, identity movements. It aims to provide a theoretical framework drawing on Bourdieu's central concepts of field, capital and habitus. These concepts are viewed as providing a theoretical toolkit that can be applied to convincingly explain aspects of social movements that social movement theories, such as political process theory, resource mobilization theory and framing, acknowledge, but are not able to explain within a single theoretical framework. Identity movements are approached here in a way that relates them to the position agents/movements occupy in social spaces, resources and cultural competence. This enables us to consider identity movements from a new perspective that explains, for instance, the interrelatedness of class and identity movements.