中国快递业发展的区域不平衡性测度研究

选取大陆31个省份2007—2014年样本数据,分别测算三区域、八区域分组下快递业发展的不平衡性及极化趋势。研究结果表明:中国快递业发展存在较强的区域不平衡性,且这种不平衡性还呈现不断加大趋势;东中西快递业发展不平衡性明显,总体呈现东部强中西部弱的特点,基尼系数分解结果显示,东中西组间差异为不平衡性贡献了70%以上的份额,同时东部和西部地区内部也存在相当程度的不平衡性;八区域不平衡性也非常明显,总体呈现沿海强内陆弱、东强西弱、南强北弱的基本格局,组间差异贡献了88%左右的份额,就区域内而言,南部沿海和西北地区不平衡性较强,东部沿海、长江中游及东北地区则较为平衡;三区域及八区域分组下快递业不平衡发展均呈现出不断增强的极化趋势。     

中国儿童基本机会多维不平等的综合测度研究

遵循国际规范,基于世界银行用于测度单一机会不平等的人类机会指数(Human Opportunity Index,HOI),借鉴最新的综合测度方法和多维机会指数(Multidimensional Human Opportunity Index,MHOI),首次对中国儿童的教育、医疗保险、安全饮水、卫生设施及家庭用电5种基本机会不平等进行综合测度。实证结果显示,2011年,中国7¹2岁儿童最少享有2种基本机会,所有基本机会全部享有的儿童不到60%。在所考虑的基本机会中,儿童卫生设施的覆盖率、公平性和HOI是最低的,其次是安全饮水;卫生设施和安全饮水的HOI表现出较大的地区和城乡差异。从而导致MHOI较大的地区和城乡差异;动态分析结果表明,近10多年来,中国儿童各种基本机会的覆盖率和公平性都得到了持续的改善,但各基本机会的HOI和MHOI仍存在较大的改善空间。这些量化结论具有一定的政策指导意义。     

表面摩擦驱动收卷的玻纤布卷驱动力特征

与传统股权相比,扶贫股在出资、股权类型、权利内容、收益分配、退出机制、风险防范等方面形成了许多创新做法,但存在制度回应弱、效益吸引力不够、相关利益协调不足、长效的收益分享机制缺失、平台治理参与局限等深层次问题。据此,应立足中国实践,在集体股的框架内,明确扶贫股的法律属性,以集体股制度创新为路径,从制度层面规范扶贫股。     

农村土地流转过程中农民权益的有效保护

当前在农村土地流转过程中农民权益得不到有效保护,主要表现为:流转价格偏低,固定不变;流转收益分配不合理;土地的农业用途被改变;农民的知情权、参与权、决策权被侵犯等。其原因主要为:农村土地产权不明晰,所有权主体虚位;农民权益保护相关制度不完善;基层政府对土地流转的不当干预;土地流转市场服务体系不健全等。为了加强对土地流转过程中农民的权益的保护,需要明晰农村土地产权,明确规定农村集体土地归行政村一级农民集体所有,并完善相关制度;减少乡镇府的不当干预,强化乡镇政府对土地流转的指导与监管;培育县、乡两级土地流转市场化服务环境等。     

保险素养、收入差异与农民商业保险参与

乡村振兴战略的实施激发了农民在“医、养、住、行”等方面对美好生活的追求,与之对应的各类保险保障需求也随之涌现。对保险素养影响农民商业保险参与的机理进行了阐释,并使用陕西省565户农户的调查数据,实证检验了保险素养对农民商业保险参与选择的影响,以及农民个人收入差异对保险素养影响其商业保险参与的调节效应。研究表明,保险素养会显著促使农民商业保险参与概率增加3.1%。此外,个人经济收入差异对保险素养促进农民商业保险参与并未发挥出调节作用,即提升个人收入水平并不会增强保险素养对农民商业保险参与的促进作用。因此,有必要采取提高农民保险素养、有针对性地开发设计符合农民诉求的保险产品等措施促进农民商业保险消费,进而促进商业保险在农村地区的发展。     

我国区域不均等:分解方法与实证分析

在对区域不均等度量指标及分解方法进行归纳性阐释的基础上,运用泰尔指数分析了我国自20世纪80年代中后期以来的区域不均等,并对我国区域差异中的城乡收入差距,东中西部农村地区的收入差距进行了分解。结果表明,在总的不均等中约70-80%的不均等来自城乡之间,只有20%-30%是由城市和农村内部引起的。东中西之间的不均等对总不均等的贡献大约只有20-30%,剩下的70-80%则归因于东中西各自内部不同省份之间的差距。     

扩大中间阶层是构建和谐社会的必要条件

中间阶层实质上是一个经济地位、政治地位和社会地位等各方面介于上层精英阶层和下层大众阶层之间的、具有中等社会经济地位的阶层和群体的集合.扩大中间阶层是构建和谐社会的必要条件.通过运用财政税收政策,大力发展教育和科技,鼓励创业,建立顺畅的社会流动机制等方式壮大我国的中间阶层对促进构建社会主义和谐社会有重要的作用.     

行为目标偏离、规模扩大与利润率降低——对国有企业规模不经济的一种解释

我国国有企业经历过一个亏损的阶段,国有企业的规模与经济利润并不对称.国有企业的行为目标的偏离,使得国有企业的规模不断扩大,并最终出现规模不经济.必须实行"政企分开",培育有效的竞争机制,打破某些企业的垄断局面,让国有大中型企业逐步分解成依赖市场交易的多个主体,缩小企业规模.     

Cultural capital or relative risk aversion? Two mechanisms for educational inequality compared1

In this paper we empirically examined two explanatory mechanisms for educational inequality: cultural reproduction and relative risk aversion, using survey data taken from secondary school pupils in Amsterdam. Cultural reproduction theory seeks to explain class variations in schooling by cultural differences between social classes. Relative risk aversion theory argues that educational inequalities can be understood by between-class variation in the necessity of pursuing education at branching points in order to avoid downward mobility. We showed that class variations in early demonstrated ability are for a substantial part cultural: cultural capital - measured by parental involvement in highbrow culture - affected school performance at the primary and secondary level. However, relative risk aversion - operationalized by being concerned with downward mobility - strongly affects schooling ambitions, whereas cultural capital had no effect. Thus, we conclude that 'primary effects' of social origin on schooling outcomes are manifested through cultural capital and not through relative risk aversion (in addition to other potential sources of class variations such as genetics). Relative risk aversion, and not cultural capital, affects schooling ambitions, which is relevant for our understanding of secondary effects.     

Fringe benefits and income inequality

In this paper, we analyze the distribution of fringe benefits among workers and underline its implications for income inequality. To this end, we develop a positional approach to inequality based on the concept of rent as a potential link between positions and their rewards. We hypothesize that workers extract rent in the form of benefits in industries with worker leverage (in the form of unioniziation, internal labor market, and public employment) or share rent with firms in highly profitable industries that endure for efficiency wage reasons. On the basis of a unique dataset from Israel, we test these hypotheses by estimating the probabilities of obtaining benefits according to industries’ structural features while controlling for cross-industrial differences in workers’ demographic and human capital characteristics. The analyses reveal that benefits are determined by structural factors, representing a separate dimension of the rewards attached to positions, different from earnings. We further stress the importance of incorporating fringe benefits into inequality research, given that benefits together with earnings stratify workers and evidently signify structured positions in the economy.