从何仙姑传说看宗教传说与民间传说的互动

何仙姑传说最初是3个地方民间传说,内丹道为建构吕洞宾的宗教圣者传说对它们进行了整合,确立了何仙姑在仙传体系中的谱系和地位;民间宗教利用何仙姑的影响宣扬其宗教教义,确立了何仙姑的宗教圣者形象;民间艺人则借何仙姑传说宣讲民众的世俗欲求,淡化了其中的宗教色彩。     

论全球化进程中民族精神的弘扬和培育

民族精神是一个民族赖以生存和发展的精神支撑。全球化引起了世界范围内不同思想文化的相互激荡,在一定程度上弱化了当代人的民族国家意识。全球化进程中弘扬和培育民族精神的关键是我们要提高重视、抓住契机,立足于本国现实,紧密结合全球化的实际,以"三个代表"重要思想为指导,积极进行文化创新,大力推进民族精神的弘扬和培育。     

商务文秘课堂：交际、互动和协作

《商务文秘》是一门以语言技能为基础,商务知识为主导,商务活动为辅助的实践性操作课程。笔者在教学中,结合建构主义理论,运用"交际—互协—协作"教学的基本模式,使学生在轻松活动的课堂气氛中,掌握并运用商务知识,为将来真正成为实用型、复合型人才,奠定良好基础。     

Intention Understanding and Partner-Sensitive Behaviors in Young Children's Peer Interactions

Recent research on peer interaction shows that complex, coordinated play emerges around 24 months. Increased understanding of others' intentions has been proposed as a reason for its emergence at this juncture. In this study, we assessed understanding of the intentional structure of human action in children aged 19 to 39 months by eliciting verbal explanations of observed action. We hypothesized that more elaborated understanding of intention would be related to more partner-sensitive behaviors during interactions with familiar, same-age peers at home. We found that level of intention understanding predicted types of overtures made, types of objects offered, monitoring partner responses, partner compliance, and types of speech acts addressed to partners. Results are discussed in terms of the contribution of intention understanding to interactive competence, the role of linguistic competence in conceptual development, the effects of context on the production of speech acts and developing theory of mind.     

Combining Occurrence and Toxicity Information to Identify Priorities for Drinking-Water Mixture Research

Characterizing all possible chemical mixtures in drinking water is a potentially overwhelming project, and the task of assessing each mixture's net toxicity even more daunting. We propose that analyzing occurrence information on mixtures in drinking water may help to narrow the priorities and inform the approaches taken by researchers in mixture toxicology. To illustrate the utility of environmental data for refining the mixtures problem, we use a recent compilation of national ground-water-quality data to examine proposed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) models of noncancer mixture toxicity. We use data on the occurrence of binary and ternary mixtures of arsenic, cadmium, and manganese to parameterize an additive model and compute hazard index scores for each drinking-water source in the data set. We also use partially parameterized interaction models to perform a bounding analysis estimating the interaction potential of several binary and ternary mixtures for which the toxicological literature is limited. From these results, we estimate a relative value of additional toxicological information for each mixture. For example, we find that according to the U.S. EPA's interaction model, the levels of arsenic and cadmium found in U.S. drinking water are unlikely to have synergistic cardiovascular effects, but the same mixture's potential for synergistic neurological effects merits further study. Similar analysis could in future be used to prioritize toxicological studies based on their potential to reduce scientific and regulatory uncertainty. Environmental data may also provide a means to explore the implications of alternative risk models for the toxicity and interaction of complex mixtures.     

广告学本科专业的传播学理论课程教学思考

传播学理论是广告学专业的理论基础课,它为进一步全面、深入学习和掌握广告学的其它课程奠定理论基础。为保证传播学教学的科学高效,应该把握以下三点:始终坚持传播学教学理念的专业关切性,始终坚持传播学教学内容的优化与整合,始终坚持传播学教学方法的互动性与灵活性。     

Little naked pangs of the self: the real performance of the self and the function of trust in Goffman's action theory

The aim of this article is to discuss some of the leading features of Erving Goffman's action theory as an alternative to the ‘orthodox’ paradigms of sociology, viewed as a structuralist and functionalist science that defines social constructs by their shared rules and values, and as a drifting of action, in the sense of intention, toward an individualistic version. The author examines Goffman's shift of the focus of attention from the boundaries of a social sense of action to the social dialectic of ‘defining a situation’ (W. Thomas) as conducted by the social actors in a renewal of Simmel's ‘empowering covenants’ (wechselwirkung) in the multiple casual social connections that make up the ‘social buzz’ in a society. The author moreover discusses Goffman's action as a kind of playacting regulating cognitive and expressive face-to-face ‘traffic’ between the social actors. This relational dynamic creates an interactive play based on encounters – in which one's opening to another is fraught with risks of deception – regulated by trust as a central resource for social interactions. Trust, in its interpersonal and systemic variants, constitutes a universal social datum and an elementary precondition for social exchanges and the cooperation between individuals. Trust, thus, functions as comparer between reciprocal expectations and a regulator of freedom tending to the stability of the social system.     

The demand for social interaction

In this paper social interaction is modeled as a consumer good. A model of household production is employed to derive the demand for social interaction. The model shows that the demand for social interaction is a function of its price, the price of other goods and income. The theory is tested with data from the General Social Survey and the results show that social interaction can be explained as the consequence of utility maximizing behavior by individuals. These results are in contrast to social capital theorists who have attributed these changes to factors such as increased community heterogeneity.     

A Spatio-Temporal Model for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data – with a View to Resting State Networks

Abstract.  Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a technique for studying the active human brain. During the fMRI experiment, a sequence of MR images is obtained, where the brain is represented as a set of voxels. The data obtained are a realization of a complex spatio-temporal process with many sources of variation, both biological and technical. We present a spatio-temporal point process model approach for fMRI data where the temporal and spatial activation are modelled simultaneously. It is possible to analyse other characteristics of the data than just the locations of active brain regions, such as the interaction between the active regions. We discuss both classical statistical inference and Bayesian inference in the model. We analyse simulated data without repeated stimuli both for location of the activated regions and for interactions between the activated regions. An example of analysis of fMRI data, using this approach, is presented.