Indirect membership function assignment based on ordinal regression

In many fuzzy sets applications, fuzzy membership functions are commonly developed based on empirical or expert knowledge. The equation of a membership function is usually determined somewhat arbitrarily. This paper explores a novel membership function design method based on ordinal regression analysis. The estimated thresholds between ordinal measurement categories are applied to calculate the intersection points between fuzzy sets. These intersection points are further applied to determine the equations of the membership functions. Information distortion due to empirical guess can thus be reduced and more latent information in the fuzzy responses can therefore be captured. A case study investigating the relationship between foster mothers’ satisfaction and the foster time and information provided has been conducted in this research. The applicability and effectiveness of the proposed membership function assignment approach have been demonstrated through several case studies.     

协商功能的隐喻式研究

隐喻是人类组织概念系统和经验的重要基础,对人际关系的建立和维护起重要作用。协商作为语篇语义系统的重要内容,是隐喻实现人际功能的重要途径。隐喻的本质与理解过程决定了其本身意义的协商性;同时,交际参与者可以通过选择何种表达方式推进或中止对某一隐喻的协商,实现其意识形态功能。隐喻作为一种间接话语是推进协商发展的重要手段。在交际中,交际参与者通过协商确定隐喻的含义并以隐喻为交际策略保证协商顺利进行。     

电子商务间接税法律制度的国际比较及其对我国的启示

通过对世界各国对电子商务间接税立法态度与实践的分析,进行了电子商务间接税法律制度的国际比较,从而得出了对我国电子商务税收法律制度构建的启示.     

俄语引语现象思辨——Л·Петрушевская短篇小说中的引语研究

对Л.Петрушевская短篇小说中新出现的引语现象,运用已有的俄语引语研究成果无力做出解释。中俄学界与欧美学界在引语研究领域有一些概念上的不同认识和理解,通过对其进行必要的分析,并借鉴欧美及国内英语学界在该领域及相关领域的研究成果,可以在一定程度上解决这些新问题。而在此基础上所提出的俄语引语的新体系：直接式引语和间接式引语;语境型引语和功能型引语,能够较为全面地解释Л.Петрушевская及俄罗斯其他后现代作家作品中出现的新的引语现象。     

Assessing direct and indirect seasonal decomposition in state space

The problem of whether seasonal decomposition should be used prior to or after aggregation of time series is quite old. We tackle the problem by using a state-space representation and the variance/covariance structure of a simplified one-component model. The variances of the estimated components in a two-series system are compared for direct and indirect approaches and also to a multivariate method. The covariance structure between the two time series is important for the relative efficiency. Indirect estimation is always best when the series are independent, but when the series or the measurement errors are negatively correlated, direct estimation may be much better in the above sense. Some covariance structures indicate that direct estimation should be used while others indicate that an indirect approach is more efficient. Signal-to-noise ratios and relative variances are used for inference.     

论逐步扩大直接选举的范围

选举就是选民选择自己的代理人的过程。过多层次的间接选举不利于提高代表机关的代表性。要提高我国的政治文明程度,人大制度就有必要与时俱进,朝着使广大基层群众能享有更多知情权、表达权的方向,朝着高层领导更易于了解基层实情的方向进行改革和完善,在条件成熟的时候逐步扩大直接选举的范围。     

刑事附带民事诉讼的赔偿范围

刑事附带民事诉讼是我国一项特殊且重要的诉讼制度，在司法实践中很有必要。然而，由于立法的不完善且随着人们对诉讼引发的深入研究和我国诉讼法实践的不断发展，此制度的弊端也不断暴露出来，引起了众多的争议。因此，有必要适时地对这一程序制度进行修改，使之具有科学性、合理性和可操作性，以充分体现诉讼效益原则和诉讼经济原则，实现刑事审判理论和实际的有效统一。     

浅论国际私法中“冲突法”的定位

文章从一个有趣的比喻出发,把冲突法比作"独孤九剑",来说明冲突法和一般的法律之不同,是一种法律选择之法。接着从法理角度、历史角度、实然角度、应然角度来对冲突法进行定位。最后,重新强调了冲突法是一个独立的法律体系,并指出了掌握冲突法的关键是注意其间接性,力求使文章的知识性和趣味性相结合。     

Controlled Direct and Mediated Effects: Definition,Identification and Bounds

Abstract. Results are given which provide bounds for controlled direct effects when nounmeasured confounding assumptions required for the identification of these effects do not hold. Previous results concerning bounds for controlled direct effects rely on monotonicity relationships between the treatment, mediator and the outcome themselves; the results presented in this article instead assume that monotonicity relationships hold between the unmeasured confounding variable or variables and the treatment, mediator and outcome. Whereas prior results give bounds that contain the null hypothesis of no direct effect, the results presented here will in many instances yield bounds that do not contain the null hypothesis of no direct effect. For contexts in which a set of variables intercepts all paths between a treatment and an outcome, it is possible to provide a definition for a controlled mediated effect. We discuss the identification of these controlled mediated effects; the bounds for controlled direct effects are applicable also to controlled mediated effects. An example is given to illustrate how the results in the article can be used to draw inferences about direct and mediated effects in the presence of unmeasured confounding variables.     

20世纪初英帝国建制工作评析

20世纪初,英国进行了大规模的帝国建制工作。早已衰落的自由主义再度成为帝国建设的主导思想,文化相对主义、社会主义也适时对帝国建设提出补充性看法。根据这些理论,英国建成了白人移民殖民地、印度、附属帝国三层帝国管理体制。然而,该体制也暴露出了滞后性和难以真正解决权力平衡的弱点,这与后来的帝国解体存在着必然的联系。