SEXUAL PRIVACY AND EARLY SEXUAL DEBUT IN NAIROBI INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS1

The purpose of this paper is to examine sexual privacy as a factor that may influence the relatively earlier sexual debut among the urban poor in Nairobi. 40 focus group discussions were held with people aged 13–17, 18–24, 25–49 and 50+ years, community leaders and service providers in four informal settlements of Nairobi. Lack of sexual privacy was identified as a major problem. Although adults were reported to use various means to acquire some measure of privacy, such as waiting for children to fall asleep, switching off the lights and separating the sleeping areas using curtains, these measures were found inadequate. The participants therefore associated young people's early initiation of sexual activity with lack of sexual privacy. Sexual privacy has not received adequate research attention as a dimension of poverty that influences young people's sexuality. More studies are called for to unravel the specific association between sexual privacy among adults and young people's sexual behaviour. The living conditions of the urban poor should also be addressed to mitigate the effects of lack of sexual privacy.     

Reconsidering the Division of Household Labor: Incorporating Volunteer Work and Informal Support

The gendered division of household labor is more multifaceted than the allocation of paid work and domestic work. People also engage in volunteer work and informal support. I investigate the applicability of household labor allocation theories—specifically the time constraints, economic, and “doing gender” perspectives—to all unpaid work. I analyze the 1997 Australian Time Use Survey diaries of 1,797 married couples using logistic, ordinary least squares, and seemingly unrelated regressions. Analyses show that volunteer work and support work are substantial expenditures associated with paid work and housework, but they do not create a “third shift.” Volunteer work and support work are part of the gendered household labor allocation process determined, in part, by time constraints and by gender.     

情理兼备 别树一帜——论汤显祖的小品文创作

晚明小品是中国古代散文发展史上一种完全独立的自由文体，汤显祖创作了大量的小品文，成为晚明小品创作高潮中的重要作家之一，为古代散文体的创新作出了重要贡献。其小品文创作是在他的文学主张和艺术情趣的指导下进行的，崇尚灵感，顺应潮流，具有融理趣、情感、章法、语言为一体的特点，在晚明文坛上别树一帜。     

关于"申论"写作的几点思考

“申论”作为国家选拔公务员的一种测试方式,不仅成为当今中国竞争最激烈的考试形式之一,同时也为传统写作教学提供了新的研究视角。其一,评判性阅读是“申论”写作的起点。“申论”的含义,是针对背景资料所蕴含的某个社会问题阐述观点、论述理由,因而学会解读、发现、开掘,是“教”与“学”的重点。其二,理性表述是“申论”写作外化的成果。提出问题,条分缕析,给出方案,三位一体,具有严密的逻辑向度,既要把握“申论”客观性命题背后的要求与意图,又要多方面的知识储备和能力训练,是“教”与“学”的难点。“申论”这种要求贴近社会、理性思考、注重实效、条理清晰的高难度写作特点,不仅为传统写作教学开出了一片新天地,而且对培养政府高级管理人才意义重大。     

撒拉族习惯法规范的当代运行

以禁忌为核心的习惯法依然是当代撒拉族社会的基本行为范式,特别在解决纠纷、维护社会秩序等领域具有主导性和相当的可持续性。同时,作为一种非正式制度,在国家法制一统的背景下,撒拉族习惯法体现了通过谋求与国家法的契合而寻求正式制度支持的趋势。     

我国转型期城镇非正规就业与非正规经济(1990—2004)

转型时期我国就业模式从计划分配的、集中、刚性、单一的传统正规就业向市场配置的、分散、灵活、多元化的非正规就业模式转变。城镇非正规就业迅速发展,1990—2004年间年均增长率相当于城镇就业增长率的3.9倍;其创造的就业岗位远高于传统正规部门消失的就业岗位,2004年占城镇就业比重的58.69%,成为城镇新增就业和农村转移劳动力的主导就业模式。城镇非正规经济增长率大大超过全国经济增长率,1990—2004年期间,按可比价格计算,城镇非正规部门增加值年均增长率为22.2%,相当于GDP平均增长率的2.4倍;非正规经济占GDP比重不断提高,到2004年已达1/3,其产出高增长对全国新增GDP的增长贡献越来越大,在1990—2004年期间为44%,成为中国经济增长最重要的部门之一。     

对小品文文体特性的再认识——-小品文、杂文、随笔文体辨析

小品文作为一种独立的文体,它的广义化,扩大化致使它失去了文体特质的规定性,本文将小品文放在与随笔、杂文这两种散文体式既互相联系又互有区别的基点上,以体裁的规范、语体的匹配、风格的追求这三个层面为论述的内在逻辑顺序,探讨小品散文文体的特性;即认为小品文是在杂文、随笔等散文基础上形成的具有灵动个性、智慧和精微特质的优美文体。     

非正式交流机制与产业集群创新能力

本文通过对非正式交流与集群关系的阐述,说明了非正式交流在集群创新过程中重要而独特的作用,并且通过实证研究和卡方测验等分析工具证实研究了非正式交流机制在产业集群创新中的作用。     

由两篇佚文看吴虞前期生平和思想

作者在《顺天时报》发现两篇有关吴虞的佚文。从两篇佚文可以发现 ,吴虞虽然对以孔子为代表的儒家学说大加抨击 ,但对孔子的态度却比较客观 ,肯定其历史的地位和价值。对真正的孔教徒也是尊敬的。佚文还有助于人们了解吴虞前期的生平和思想发展过程     

文章化与清代“文章体”小说的形成

从明代后期开始,文人参与通俗小说创作,将其所熟悉的文章理念和写法融进小说,使通俗小说尤其是文人小说在理论建构、创作方法和鉴赏方式上都呈现浓厚的文章色彩,通俗小说出现文章化的发展态势。文章化促进了清代前中期"文章体"小说的形成,具体而言,小说理论建构的文章化奠定了"文章体"小说的理论基础,小说创作方法的文章化塑造了"文章体"小说的样式,小说鉴赏方式的文章化促进了"文章体"小说的传播。"文章体"小说的形成是明末清初通俗小说文章化的必然结果,代表了雅化小说的最高水平。