高斯定理的理解与应用

文章论述了高斯定理源于库仑定律，依赖于场强叠加原理，场强通量与场线通量均遵从高斯定理；高斯面上的场强是其内外所考虑的电荷产生的合场强；构建体系高斯面，局部高斯面求解场强问题。     

Estimating Contaminant Dose for Intermittent Dermal Contact: Model Development, Testing, and Application

Assessments of aggregate exposure to pesticides and other surface contamination in residential environments are often driven by assumptions about dermal contacts. Accurately predicting cumulative doses from realistic skin contact scenarios requires characterization of exposure scenarios, skin surface loading and unloading rates, and contaminant movement through the epidermis. In this article we (1) develop and test a finite-difference model of contaminant transport through the epidermis; (2) develop archetypal exposure scenarios based on behavioral data to estimate characteristic loading and unloading rates; and (3) quantify 24-hour accumulation below the epidermis by applying a Monte Carlo simulation of these archetypal exposure scenarios. The numerical model, called Transient Transport through the epiDERMis (TTDERM), allows us to account for variable exposure times and time between exposures, temporal and spatial variations in skin and compound properties, and uncertainty in model parameters. Using TTDERM we investigate the use of a macro-activity parameter (cumulative contact time) for predicting daily (24-hour) integrated uptake of pesticides during complex exposure scenarios. For characteristic child behaviors and hand loading and unloading rates, we find that a power law represents the relationship between cumulative contact time and cumulative mass transport through the skin. With almost no loss of reliability, this simple relationship can be used in place of the more complex micro-activity simulations that require activity data on one- to five-minute intervals. The methods developed in this study can be used to guide dermal exposure model refinements and exposure measurement study design.     

Parental constructions of masculinity at the transition to parenthood: the division of parental leave among Austrian couples

Men and masculinity are considered a key factor in changing gender inequality at the transition to parenthood. Prior research on gendered division of parental leave concentrated on fathers’ perspectives. This paper includes perspectives of fathers and mothers who make use of parental leave in different ways and asks how masculinity is jointly constructed, how these constructions are linked to the use of parental leave, and if and how they are oriented towards hegemonic masculinity. The analysis is based on 44 qualitative interviews with 11 Austrian couples before and after birth when decisions concerning parental leave were made. Our case reconstructions reveal that parents considered parental leave a central element of masculinity as long as it suited fathers’ needs and circumstances permitted. The decisions for sharing parental leave were father-centred as both partners valued father’s leave higher than mother’s.     

论教唆、帮助他人实施侵权行为的民事责任承担

教唆、帮助他人实施侵权行为理论上属于广义上的共同侵权行为,但在民事责任的承担上具有特殊性.从规范模式看,教唆、帮助他人实施侵权行为在我国经历了由司法解释到民事立法的演变过程,但现行立法规定仍有完善必要.教唆人与帮助人在侵权行为中的主观恶性及其对后果的影响等方面明显不同,因而在民事责任承担上应有所区别.教唆、帮助非完全民事行为能力人实施侵权行为的,应根据被教唆、帮助的对象不同确立相应的民事责任承担规则.即教唆无民事行为能力人实施侵权行为的,由教唆人承担全部责任;教唆限制民事行为能力人实施侵权行为的,由教唆人承担主要责任.     

Joint modelling of longitudinal biomarker and gap time between recurrent events: copula-based dependence

In this paper, we will extend the joint model of longitudinal biomarker and recurrent event via copula function for accounting the dependence between the two processes. The general idea of joining separate processes by allowing model-specific random effect may come from different families distribution. It is a main advantage of the proposed method that a copula construction does not constrain the choice of marginal distributions of random effects. A maximum likelihood estimation with importance sampling technique as a simple and easy understanding method is employed to model inference. To evaluate and verify the validation of the proposed joint model, a bootstrapping method as a model-based resampling is developed. Our proposed joint model is also applied to pemphigus disease data for assessing the effect of biomarker trajectory on risk of recurrence.     

论信息域的聚众性犯罪形态

信息域的聚众性犯罪由于发生在信息域这一特定领域中,其在构成要件和基本属性等方面具有不同于传统聚众犯的鲜明特征:因而从信息域聚众犯的定义入手,围绕信息聚众犯的基本特征和倡议犯的法律定位等两个问题,深入地探讨信息聚众犯罪的复杂性、特殊性以及它与传统刑法关于共同犯罪的某些规定的内在冲突性具有重要意义.     

加入WTO与中国烟草企业的股份制改革

烟草业在中国的国民经济中具有重要的地位 ,其发展对中国经济的影响不言而喻。从总体上看 ,中国烟草业现阶段已形成相对庞大的产业规模和较为完整的产业体系 ,产品也有一定的市场竞争力。但业内人士认为 ,在繁荣的背后 ,中国烟草业在迎接国内市场国际化的竞争中显得十分脆弱 ,国际竞争力令人担忧。本文针对入世带来的新问题、新形势 ,从经济和法律的角度对烟草企业的股份制改革的必要性进行分析 ,结合国内外股份企业发展的实践论证烟草企业进行股份制改革的可行性 ,并建议以红塔为试点对国内烟草大企业的进行股份制改制 ,通过设立烟草股份公司发行股票上市 ,吸纳资金 ,壮大企业规模 ,以构造我国烟草业的航空母舰 ,抵御外来竞争的压力。     

略论商业特色街与旅游的关系

本文针对杭州是国际旅游城市的特点,介绍了杭州建设商业特色街的基本状况,从四个方面分析了商业特色街与旅游的密切关系,并提出从三方面促进旅游与商业特色街建设紧密结合,实现商业与旅游业相互促进,共同发展的比较切合实际的建议.     

基于联贷联保的供应链融资模式与策略研究

供应链融资模式实现了中小企业与银行的双赢。针对供应链上游的中小供应商在面临资金约束时,采取与下游核心企业达成协议结为联贷联保体的供应链金融模式,通过构建供应链金融期望利润函数,分析各供应链主体的最优策略,并进一步讨论银行贷款利率、供应商生产量等决策变量之间的相互关系及其对供应链利润的影响。     

室内设计中点线面要素的应用研究

“设计”是一个经常使用的概念,设计是在明确目的指导下的有意识的创造。室内设计是人们在满足自身需求的基础上对建筑的内部空间进行合理的功能划分、技术创新,以及艺术上的审美观的综合设计。点、线、面是作为构成抽象形态造型的要素,空间构成的基本单位。在室内设计中,点、线、面处处可见,它们之间相互影响、相互陪衬、相互烘托、相互存在、相互作用。文章从室内设计的风格、室内陈设的研究出发,对室内设计中点、线、面的运用进行思考分析。