Robustness of Risk Maps and Survey Networks to Knowledge Gaps About a New Invasive Pest

In pest risk assessment it is frequently necessary to make management decisions regarding emerging threats under severe uncertainty. Although risk maps provide useful decision support for invasive alien species, they rarely address knowledge gaps associated with the underlying risk model or how they may change the risk estimates. Failure to recognize uncertainty leads to risk‐ignorant decisions and miscalculation of expected impacts as well as the costs required to minimize these impacts. Here we use the information gap concept to evaluate the robustness of risk maps to uncertainties in key assumptions about an invading organism. We generate risk maps with a spatial model of invasion that simulates potential entries of an invasive pest via international marine shipments, their spread through a landscape, and establishment on a susceptible host. In particular, we focus on the question of how much uncertainty in risk model assumptions can be tolerated before the risk map loses its value. We outline this approach with an example of a forest pest recently detected in North America, Sirex noctilio Fabricius. The results provide a spatial representation of the robustness of predictions of S. noctilio invasion risk to uncertainty and show major geographic hotspots where the consideration of uncertainty in model parameters may change management decisions about a new invasive pest. We then illustrate how the dependency between the extent of uncertainties and the degree of robustness of a risk map can be used to select a surveillance network design that is most robust to knowledge gaps about the pest.     

房地产企业涉税账务处理

房地产开发企业在经营过程中涉及大量税种,相关涉税会计账务处理内容复杂、账务处理难度较大,在实务操作中是一大难点。相关文献大都是从不同税种的角度进行阐述,不利于会计实务操作。本文分析了房地产开发企业的经营特点和其所涉及的税种,以及在项目设立阶段、发开建设阶段、商品销售阶段不同的账务处理。     

The Changing Pattern of Wage Returns to Education and its Implications

It is commonly believed that labour‐market returns to education are highest for the primary level of education and lower for subsequent levels. Recent evidence reviewed in this article suggests that the pattern is changing. The causes of such changes, and their implications for both education and labour‐market policy, are explored.     

南宋遗民词审美特征再探

南宋遗民词的审美取向和艺术创造，主要即是清空、醇雅，这和南宋遗民词人的隐居生活密切相关，和他们隐居不仕的文化心理相契合，是词人在潜身草野、怡情山水的生活中为了求得对不可忍受现实痛苦的一种暂时性精神超脱相一致的审美选择，这种审美选择在词史上具有独特的地位与价值。     

德国刑法学中法益理论的历史发展及现状述评

法益概念在德国刑法学中有着独特的重要地位.一方面,理论界尽管对其内涵和功能理解不一、聚讼纷纭,但主流观点一直肯定,刑法的任务是保护法益,以法益为基础的犯罪的实质概念能够限制刑事立法.而另一方面,德国刑事立法和司法界对于法益概念的批判立法功能一直心存怀疑.法益论的发展历史和最新发展告诉我们,法益理论的历史精神体现在它对自由主义的坚守,是不屈从于国家权威和国家家长主义的独立判断和坚持.合比例原则与自治原则是对法益理论的有益补充.     

2011年下半年中国传媒法治发展报告

2011年下半年,我国对于新闻出版、广播电视等传统媒体的法制建设逐步推进、互联网治理力度不断加大、政府信息公开继续发展、著作权保护加强、媒体名誉侵权认定仍存在争议、个人信息保护日益受到重视、舆论监督出现新特点和新问题。     

Alternative Medicine and Herbal Use Among University Students

Abstract

Objective: This study sought to (1) examine perceived stress and resources to cope with stress as predictors of emotional eating during the transition to college and (2) determine whether body mass index (BMI) moderated the emotional eating-stress relationship. Participants: Participants were 97 college freshmen (73% female; BMI: M = 25.3 kg/m², SD = 5.7 kg/m²). Research was conducted in September 2012. Methods: Participants completed the Perceived Stress Scale, Emotional Eating Scale, and Eating and Appraisal Due to Emotions and Stress Questionnaire during the first month of college. Height and weight were measured objectively. Results: BMI moderated the relationship between perceived stress and emotional eating. Higher stress predicted greater emotional eating for the lower BMI groups, but not the highest group. Greater resources to cope with stress predicted lower emotional eating. Conclusions: Greater perceived stress and poorer resources to cope with stress may contribute to emotional eating during the transition to college. The relationship between perceived stress and emotional eating may vary by BMI.     

从"神"到"人"与从"圣"到"凡"——中、西近代启蒙思想文化运动差异一论

东西方都曾经历资产阶级思想启蒙运动,但二者的表现形态有着明显的差异。这种差异非一端可尽。本文就意识形态领域观察,论述了明显不同的一点,即:西方突出表现为从神到人,而中国则突出表现为由圣到凡。文章并对中国形成此种特点的根源,从中国管制架构即政权、神权、教权(教化)相互关系的基本传统,和明中叶以来心学空前昌盛的客观形势,以及王学左派的独有特质所提供的契机等方面,做了扼要的分析,具体阐明了从圣到凡的转化轨迹。     

依法治国视野下大学生法治意识培养探析

历史的实践表明＂人治＂是腐朽落后的它阻碍人类社会的发展。党的十七大提出了加快建设社会主义法治国家的奋斗目标。我们在贵州高校进行了800人的抽样统计分析。总体上看大学生的法治意识带有明显的不成熟性和矛盾性。为此,高校法治教育应针对存在的问题采取措施,如转变教育观念、改进教学方式、调整教学内容、提高教学水平等,以引导大学生增强法治意识,对依法治国作出应有的回应。     

毛泽东思想与中国特色社会主义理论体系研究综述

党的十七大以来,关于中国特色社会主义理论体系是否应该包括毛泽东思想和如何认识＂始于毛,成于邓＂说法的争论不断。前者占主导地位的观点是：中国特色社会主义理论体系与毛泽东思想分属于马克思主义中国化两次飞跃产生的伟大理论成果,从逻辑上、理论上、起点上讲二者都存在很大差异,因此,该理论体系不应包括毛泽东思想。关于后者,从探索中国社会主义建设道路的角度看,可以说＂始于毛,成于邓＂;但就改革开放后特别是建立社会主义市场经济体制这一改革目标确立后所形成的一系列新的理论而言,此命题就难以成立了。