The Real Controversy About Child Sexual Abuse Research: Contradictory Findings and Critical Issues Not Addressed by Rind,Tromovitch, and Bauserman in Their 1998 Outcomes Meta-Analysis

SUMMARY

This article presents a review of all types of child sexual abuse research ignored by Rind, Tromovitch, and Bauserman in their 1998 meta-analytic study. Eight major findings are addressed. Altogether, these findings demonstrate the narrow focus of the Rind et al. meta-analysis. By restricting a supposedly broad meta-analysis to only some of the research and population in question, the conclusions Rind et al. drew regarding this complex topic (primarily, that adult-child sex is not necessarily harmful to children) are invalid.     

运动表现的社会促进效应元分析

自1898年开展社会促进实验研究以来,逐渐形成了优势反应理论、评价与竞争理论以及分散冲突理论等多种理论观点,并从不同方面进行了实验研究。然而,这些实验研究却存在一些矛盾,为了认识社会促进对于运动表现的实际作用程度,文章以元分析为主要方法对相关问题进行了述评。结果表明,社会促进与熟练动作的相关度为中等效应(r=0.32),而与非熟练动作的相关度呈负向变化(r=-0.11)。文章还从文献统计的"定量验证"角度验证了不同个性特征下的社会促进效应,其效应程度不一,并进一步阐释了社会促进效应研究中的一些局限性。     

Revolution in the making? Social media effects across the globe

Social networking sites are popular tools to engage citizens in political campaigns, social movements, and civic life. However, are the effects of social media on civic and political participation revolutionary? How do these effects differ across political contexts? Using 133 cross-sectional studies with 631 estimated coefficients, I examine the relationship between social media use and engagement in civic and political life. The effects of social media use on participation are larger for political expression and smaller for informational uses, but the magnitude of these effects depends on political context. The effects of informational uses of social media on participation are smaller in countries like the United States, with a free and independent press. If there is a social media revolution, it relates to the expression of political views on social networking sites, where the average effect size is comparable to the effects of education on participation.     

Societal effects of social media in organizations: Reflective points deriving from a systematic literature review and a bibliometric meta-analysis

Social media provides its users with uninterrupted access to information for a variety of matters. On the one hand, social media helps people to express themselves freely and access various content, thus, forming a global view. On the other hand, social media may easily lead individuals to form polarized attitudes by impacting their behaviour in various contexts (e.g., organizational contexts). Such contradiction cannot be neglected. It is found to be an essential societal phenomenon that needs further investigation. The study first aims at realizing how existing literature of different domains analyse and conceptualize the effects of social media. Then, it leverages such societal effects on organizations. A total of 231 articles were used for a systematic literature review (SLR) and bibliometric meta-analysis on this topic and were further analysed with VOSviewer software. The study organizes the existing literature on this topic and provides issues, perceptions, and theories that are used to explain the effects of social media in society, and then it reflects on the potential impact on organizations.     

幸福感城乡差异的元分析

对国内涉及幸福感城乡差异的18项调查研究进行元分析,结果发现,城镇人幸福感比农村人幸福感高,且可以从社会比较和社会适应两方面进行解释。这一结果排除了发表偏倚,具有稳定性。国内对这一问题之所以存在争论,主要是因调查工具的不同造成的,即工具质量越高,越容易得出城镇人幸福感高的结论。     

信任关键变量元分析及其对中国信任文化的释义

本文对国外已有信任研究中的79篇文献涉及的信任前置因素和后置结果进行元分析,得出信任、可信赖性、信任情绪相区分的信任结构;信任倾向、正直、能力、善意对信任有显著的影响关系,信任可以预测关系长度和风险承担;并且研究也对信任的测量类型（信任意愿、积极期望和直接测量）进行了区分,得出直接测量较信任意愿和积极期望的误差较大,因而在信任研究中要谨慎使用,而信任意愿和积极期望这种概念性的划分在实践中很难有效区分。也同时借助国外文献的元分析结果对中国的信任文化进行了探索性解释。     

社会影响方式对公众节能行为的干预效果——基于26项现场实验的元分析

运用元分析技术,对1976-2015年期间发表的26项关于社会影响与节能行为关系的现场实验研究进行综合定量检验,系统评价社会影响方式对节能行为的干预效果。采用校正的标准化均数差作为统一效应量,根据文献异质性检验结果,采取随机效应模型进行主效应检验和调节效应检验。结果显示:（1）总体而言,社会影响方式能够激励公众实施节能行为,主效应达到中等强度（d=0.487）;（2）干预方式、干预时机、干预时长3个调节变量对社会影响与节能行为之间的关系具有显著的调节作用。在干预方式上,公开承诺和社会对比反馈的节能效果显著优于榜样示范和社会规范;在干预时机上,事后干预的节能效果显著优于事前干预;在干预时长上,持续1~3个月的干预策略效果最好;而干预频率的调节作用没有得到验证。元分析结果厘清了已有研究产生争议的原因,有利于政府及相关部门更好地制定引导公众节能行为的政策激励措施。     

Sensitivity as a Privileged Predictor of Attachment: A Second Perspective on De Wolff and van IJzendoorn's Meta-analysis

De Wolff and van IJzendoorn's meta‐analysis supported the relation of parental behavior to attachment security; however, they concluded that sensitivity was not the best predictor of attachment security. This secondary analysis of their data re‐examined their conclusion and tested moderators of the relation between sensitivity and attachment, such as socioeconomic status and study methodology. A different grouping of studies combining behavior types of sensitivity, mutuality, and synchrony showed significantly higher correlations with attachment than did other types of maternal behavior. An analysis of a similar dataset of individual correlations defined sensitivity as synchronous, responsive, and appropriate behavior, producing similar results. Tests of moderators validated differences between studies using measures of sensitivity as compared to other measures of maternal behavior. Sensitivity was a weaker predictor of attachment in studies of low‐income families.     

A meta-analytic review of the effect of guilt on compliance

Meta-analytic procedures were used to estimate the effect of experienced guilt on compliance. Examination of 47 effect sizes indicated that inducing guilt is an effective means by which to increase compliance, ρ = .26. Moreover, despite coding for numerous substantive and methodological moderators, there was no evidence of moderation in these data. Instead, correcting for measurement error in the independent variable and restriction in range in the dependent explained all variance in effect sizes, yielding a corrected effect size of ρ′ = .35.     

Ethnic discrimination in hiring decisions: a meta-analysis of correspondence tests 1990–2015

For almost 50 years field experiments have been used to study ethnic and racial discrimination in hiring decisions, consistently reporting high rates of discrimination against minority applicants – including immigrants – irrespective of time, location, or minority groups tested. While Peter A. Riach and Judith Rich [2002. “Field Experiments of Discrimination in the Market Place.” The Economic Journal 112 (483): F480–F518] and Judith Rich [2014. “What Do Field Experiments of Discrimination in Markets Tell Us? A Meta Analysis of Studies Conducted since 2000.” In Discussion Paper Series. Bonn: IZA] provide systematic reviews of existing field experiments, no study has undertaken a meta-analysis to examine the findings in the studies reported. In this article, we present a meta-analysis of 738 correspondence tests in 43 separate studies conducted in OECD countries between 1990 and 2015. In addition to summarising research findings, we focus on groups of specific tests to ascertain the robustness of findings, emphasising differences across countries, gender, and economic contexts. Moreover we examine patterns of discrimination, by drawing on the fact that the groups considered in correspondence tests and the contexts of testing vary to some extent. We focus on first- and second-generation immigrants, differences between specific minority groups, the implementation of EU directives, and the length of job application packs.