青海省香巴农业扶贫开发项目及其人口迁移

香巴农业扶贫开发项目是青海省在20世纪末实施的集人口迁移和扶贫为一体的异地扶贫开发工程。文章介绍了其实施的背景、项目区基本状况以及项目中的人口迁移情况,并初步探讨了项目实施的意义。     

长期贫困为什么难以消除？——来自扶贫重点县教育发展的证据

教育是农民摆脱长期贫困的重要力量和工具。但我国农村贫困地区的教育长期发展相对滞后,并且因为教育体系和培养目标与农村实际不符,以及教育投资不足和当前愈来愈严重的“教育不公”,促使教育的减贫作用无法发挥或者正在减弱。因此,教育改革是消除长期贫困的内在要求,它必须在培养目标、学级构成、投入体制和扶助体系方面进行必要的改革和完善。     

Poverty,Psychological Resources And Subjective Well-Being

This study was carried out for the purpose of explaining the mediating effects of a number of psychological variables (strategies for coping with stress, competitiveness, mastery, locus of control, depression and self-esteem) in the relationship between poverty and the well-being of individuals. To carry out the study, a non-probabilistic, stratified sample was used, with the participation of 918 inhabitants of Mexico City from three socioeconomic levels: extremely poor, moderately poor and not poor. A structural model was used for the analysis and treatment of data, and on the basis of that model, it was proven that there are different trajectories (mediations) through which poverty influences subjective well-being. The findings are discussed in light of the literature.     

Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in the Measurement of Rural Poverty: The Case of Iran

Poverty reduction is one of the major challenges confronting mankind and a principal obstacle to well-being for a large proportion of the world’s population. New paradigms of development as advocated by Chambers and others focus strongly on poverty reduction. Poverty is increasingly recognised as a multifaceted concept that can be elucidated through both qualitative and quantitative analysis. In researching poverty it is desirable to recognise both the value position of researchers and the values of local people. This paper uses qualitative and quantitative data and considers both outsiders’ and insiders’ views through the use of participatory approaches in selected rural areas of Iran. A poverty index is constructed and validated in a six-stage process. On the basis of the findings, a number of recommendations are made about appropriate approaches to the investigation of poverty.     

论精准扶贫政策的不精准执行

精准扶贫政策在执行中存在着明显的不精准执行现象,表现为识别不精准、帮扶不精准、管理不精准和考核不精准等问题。立足于基层组织的视角,考察精准扶贫政策的不精准执行问题。基层组织在运动式治理和官僚体制的双重规制和压力下,面临着一系列的执行约束,基层治理资源有限、权责不匹配、压力考核等因素影响了基层干部的政策定位与具体执行。在国家治理转型的背景下,国家、基层组织和农民三者之间的关系发生改变,基层组织承担的任务剧烈增长,并接受来自国家与农民的双重压力和监督。在双重挤压之下,基层组织表现出权威导向的选择性治理、风险规避的规范化治理和硬任务的软执行,严重影响了基层组织的治理能力和政策的执行能力。为了避免国家资源浪费和政策执行偏差,各级政府在实施精准扶贫政策时,应当在资源投放上注重分寸,执行政策时切合实际,对下考核时留存自主空间,从而保障精准扶贫政策有效落地。     

反贫困治理中“积极农民”何以形成——以湖北省Z县为例

基于积极公民的理论视角,提出“积极农民”的概念,并以湖北省Z县反贫困治理为例,研究积极农民何以形成。分析表明:公共治理实践中参与性、可选择性和受益性对积极农民的形成产生影响。参与性聚焦于农民参与平台和路径的建构;可选择性注重农民协商决策权力的保障;受益性则着力于创设有效的利益关联,激发农民内生动力。依据以上三项条件的差异,农民可区分为主动型积极农民、驱动型积极农民、趋利型积极农民以及被动型农民四种类型,分别对基层治理产生差异性影响。     

不同表面活性剂对静电纺丝超细纳米纤维的性能影响

运用“关联性冲突”的概念,从政策运行与乡土社会互动的角度,对精准扶贫实践的关联性冲突进行阐释。精准扶贫实践的关联性冲突主要表现为：扶贫工作目标的紧迫性与脱贫长期性之间形成结构性张力;扶贫资源分配的弹性化与异化的救助观念互为刺激;形式主义的程序公正与基层组织自主程度之间存在错位冲突。应从政策制度设计、社会基础重构、基层组织建设入手化解关联冲突,以激发村庄内源活力为本,同时增强村庄承接外来资源的能力,内外联动基础上共同推进精准扶贫政策的有效运行。     

技术能否实现治理——精准扶贫视域下技术治理热的冷思考

近年来,精准扶贫实践中技术治理的价值不断被强调,对其在精准扶贫的治理实践中所产生的影响也应加以考察。 文章从当前国家大力推行精准扶贫的实践背景出发,研究技术治理在精准扶贫中的实现条件、治理限度以及完善对策。 结果发现,尽管精准扶贫的技术治理带来了扶贫生产力、发挥了明确真扶贫目的、充分挖掘扶贫信息资源、推动整体系统化扶贫以及助推了政府治理理念的变革等效用,但是精准扶贫的技术治理依然面临着许多问题与挑战。 未来需要通过完善政策层面的制度建设和资金供给,技术层面的技术平台打造和人才培养机制健全以及社会层面的弘扬人本主义和助推多元参与来实现精准扶贫的可持续发展。     

The Costs of Disability and the Incidence of Poverty

Both disability and poverty have been the subject of extensive research, although relatively few Australian studies have examined the relationship between them. Most poverty studies make no allowance for the higher needs (and costs) associated with disability, while few disability studies have focused on poverty among the disabled. Yet disability often leads to greater need and this will increase the risk of poverty. This paper uses data from the 1998–99 Household Expenditure Survey to estimate the costs of disability using a ‘standard of living’ approach and uses these estimates to compare poverty rates among those with and without disability. The results imply that where there is an adult in the household with a disability, poverty rates are higher even before allowing for the extra costs of disability. After account is taken of the costs of disability, estimated poverty rates rise substantially where there is a disability present. Taking account of costs that vary with the severity of the restriction associated with the disability is also shown to make a large difference to comparisons derived from conventional poverty research.     

Defining, measuring and talking about poverty: the case of Finland

Scholars have always disagreed about the definition and measurement of poverty. This article looks at these issues in the light of Finnish poverty research. The chief target of the methodological criticism is the use of equivalence scales or units of individual consumption in the comparison of individual people's disposable income. The main argument against this method is that it tends to be based on the implicit assumption that "people with low incomes need less money". Another major concern is to demonstrate the key significance of the empirical definition of poverty. Different methods of calculation single out very different groups of poor people Furthermore, part of the poor people are excluded from all conventional definitions.