Managing Nuclear Waste from Power Plants

National strategies to manage nuclear waste from commercial nuclear power plants are analyzed and compared. The current strategy is to try to operate a repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, to dispose of high-level nuclear waste underground. The main alternatives involve temporary above-ground storage at a centralized facility or next to nuclear power plants. If either of these is pursued now, the analysis assumes that a repository will be built in 2100 for waste not subsequently put to use. The analysis treats various uncertainties: whether a repository at Yucca Mountain would be licensed, possible theft and misuse of the waste, innovations in repository design and waste management, the potential availability of a cancer cure by 2100, and possible future uses of nuclear waste. The objectives used to compare alternatives include concerns for health and safety, environmental and socioeconomic impacts, and direct economic costs, as well as equity concerns (geographical, intergenerational, and procedural), indirect economic costs to electricity ratepayers, federal government responsibility to manage nuclear waste, and implications of theft and misuse of nuclear waste. The analysis shows that currently building an underground repository at Yucca Mountain is inferior to other available strategies by the equivalent of $10,000 million to $50,000 million. This strongly suggests that this policy should be reconsidered. A more detailed analysis using the framework presented would help to define a new national policy to manage nuclear waste.     

Decision-Making, Time Horizons, and Risk in the Very Long-Term Perspective

Some decisions made today have far-reaching consequences as exemplified by those concerning nuclear power and spent nuclear fuel. The investigation presented here uses a decision theoretic framework in which time horizons and the discounting of negative consequences play significant roles. The results indicated wide variations in the lengths of the planning horizons judged to be adequate not only across a number of activities, including nuclear waste management, but also across groups of subjects (e.g., engineering students, retired people, and nuclear fuel experts). The paper reports typical judgments and correlations between different variables for different groups of subjects. The differences across groups reflect potential sources of conflict, depending in part on different values and different perceptions of more or less uncertain facts. Discounting functions for negative consequences in the future were also established. A range in differences in the speed of discounting were found and illustrated. Furthermore, it was found that substantial proportions in all groups regarded negative consequences related to nuclear waste as nondiscountable. When asked about the effect of time until outcome on acceptable probability of a negative outcome, many subjects used the probability concept in an incoherent way, illustrating the great difficulty in communicating small probabilities in a long-term risk context.     

六次甲基四胺合钴（Ⅱ）配合物的室温固相合成及其热色性

以六水合二氯化钴与六次甲基四胺为原料通过室温固相反应制得了钴（Ⅱ）-六次甲基四胺配合物，采用化学分析、IR、DTA和TG等手段对合成产物进行了袁征．并与液相合成法进行了比较，结果表明：配合物中Co（Ⅱ）与六次甲基四胺的物质的量之比为1：2，将六水合二氯化钴与六次甲基四胺以不同比例混合反应，所得的产物组成都为CoCl2·2C6H12N4·6H2O，该配合物具有良好的热致变色性能．     

北京奥运废弃物物流管理对策研究

废弃物物流是衡量奥运会是否成功举办的重要因素.依据奥运废弃物物流特性、历届奥运会废弃物物流管理实践和北京奥运废弃物物流规模,提出了重视分类收集、完善运作模式等建议,可以为主管部门制定北京奥运废弃物物流管理政策提供支持.     

旅行合同纠纷中的非财产性损害赔偿论

旅行承办人违约造成旅客非财产性损害(包括固有利益和非财产性的利益损害),旅客能否要求违约方承担以及承担什么样的赔偿责任是许多国家立法、判例和学说所不能回避的问题。从各旅行大国的学说、判例的比较分析中,结合我国现有法律规定和实践中的做法,为其赔偿制订正当性的理论和实证法上的说明,以期对我国旅游合同纠纷的解决有所裨益。     

Seeking common ground for people: Livelihoods, governance and waste

Jam Chakro is a large International Donor-funded landfill site in Karachi, when opened in 1996 it was intended to be carefully managed by the Karachi municipal authorities. However, within weeks of opening it was overtaken by informal-sector waste workers. They are mostly poor rural migrants who have gravitated towards urban areas seeking work. Their waste sorting and recycling work, which involves burning waste, is now responsible for serious environmental degradation and poor waste management.Nearby residents are being affected by the smoke, and wish to see an end to the burning. Local authorities are under pressure to manage the waste better and wish to see an end to the recycling activities. However, initial attempts to stop these activities and relocate people, sometimes involving force, have been unsuccessful. The workers complain that they depend on the waste work for their survival.This paper is concerned with the problems caused by the informal-sector recycling work at Jam Chakro, and the need for finding environmentally and financially sustainable solutions which respect the interests of all stakeholders. It is based on fieldwork which involved detailed stakeholder identification and consultation, to ensure that different perspectives were heard and accounted for. In the light of research findings, the paper discusses some of the proposed options for integrating informal-sector livelihoods into the formal operation of the landfill site. These are based around organising waste reclamation and recycling work and enabling it to take place without burning waste.The paper proposes that the problems at Jam Chakro can in part be attributed to not having accounted for the poor in planning, necessary for developing sustainable solutions to the problems.Approximate exchange-rate at time of writing: US$1: Rs. 60.     

政府补贴下竞争型WEEE闭环供应链定价决策研究

针对由单个制造商和两个回收商组成的电子电器闭环供应链,考虑合格回收商与不合格回收商相互竞争,研究政府回收处理补贴及消费者渠道偏好对闭环供应链决策的影响。发现:竞争环境下,随着回收处理补贴的提高,合格回收商的竞争力随之增大;制造商、各回收商及系统利润均随着消费者对正规回收渠道偏好的提高而增加,政府应积极促进消费者对正规回收渠道的认知与接受度。     

Public Opposition to a Proposed Nuclear Waste Repository in Canada: An Investigation of Cultural and Economic Effects

Residents of four northern communities were surveyed about Atomic Energy of Canada Limited's proposal to site an underground repository for high-level nuclear waste somewhere in the Canadian Shield. Opposition to the repository was relatively strong in all communities, but was strongest among aboriginal respondents. Path analysis revealed that trust in nuclear regulators, faith in science and technology, and anticipated net costs were important mediators of this effect. Aboriginals were less trusting, exhibited less faith in science and technology, and perceived the costs associated with the repository to be higher than their nonaboriginal counterparts. No support was found for the hypothesis that, after controlling for aboriginal status, financially insecure individuals would display greater support for the nuclear waste repository than financially secure individuals. Policy implications for balancing perceived risks and siting needs are discussed.     

论我国环境押金法律制度的构建

为了遏制随意丢弃固体废物的行为,减少固体废物的产生量,同时也有利于固体废物的回收利用,我国应建立环境押金法律制度。本文论证了在我国建立该制度的必要性和可行性,并对我国环境押金法律制度的构建提出自己的设想。     

国际法与国内法关系的再探讨

在国际法与国内法的关系问题上,存在着一元论和二元论.虽然二者都能找到实践依据,但各国适用国际法的具体做法千差万别.在目前的情况下,抛开理论争议和理想主义,首先确立一些处理二者关系和适用国际法的原则和具体方法是比较切合实际的.