Malta: Language,Literacy and Identity in a Mediterranean Island Society

Available documentation for the early modern period indicates that the Malta harbour towns achieved literacy earlier than the countryside. The Maltese townsmen lived on a trading route, and it was necessary for them to learn the lingua franca, as the language of trade in the Mediterranean. The educated élite were able to acquire fluent speaking knowledge, as well as the ability to write, Tuscan (a dialect then in the process of becoming standard Italian), while continuing to employ their local Maltese 'dialect' on numerous occasions. By and large, the erosion of the position of Maltese as the subordinate language was an inevitable by-product of this development. The Maltese language was able to attain the function of a literary language in the nineteenth century but it had no standard orthography until 1931 and was only adopted as Malta's official language in 1964.     

The National Association of Lesbian and Gay Alcoholism Professionals (NALGAP):

In this article, the co-founders of the National Association of Lesbian and Gay Alcoholism Professionals-NALGAP- discuss the reason the association was originally formed, the influence it has had on the larger field of health care of gay and lesbian Americans, and some challenges of the organization for the future     

The Family Group Within the Nursing Home:

An ongoing monthly family group was implemented in an intermediate care facility in hopes of improving communication between staff and families of long term care residents. Other objectives of the group were to provide families with information about policies and procedures, education about the aging process, and to facilitate an informal support group network where families could share problems and concerns. The feedback and evaluation process indicated that sharing feelings of anger, quiet, frustration and other emotions helped the families deal with the responsibilities of institutionalizing a relative and helped to facilitate better communication between staff and family members.     

茶卡出土的彩绘木棺盖板

文章依据文献记载和实物资料的比对,断定青海省乌兰县茶卡乡出土的木棺盖板画上的人物族属为吐谷浑。     

AGING,RETIREMENT AND SOCIAL SECURITY IN A MODEL OF INTEREST GROUPS

The assessment of the degree of genetic variation in a natural population, and the nature of that variation, is of central importance in both theoretical and applied population studies. Two “variance” results in population genetics theory are presented. For the first, expressions are found for the expected difference in the estimates of genetic variation in a population obtained by two investigators sampling from the same population in the same generation. The second result concerns the question of whether the degree of genetic variation in a population is best estimated by using the number of alleles observed in a sample of genes or by the number of polymorphic sites observed in the sample. For some combinations of the actual degree of variation and the sample size the former is preferred while for other combinations the latter is preferred. The reason for this is discussed.     

汉语诗歌节奏的形成

从汉语诗歌节奏的形成可以看出汉语诗歌节奏究竟是什么节奏。作为汉语自然节奏单位的节拍群主要是由顿歇划分出来的 ,汉语诗歌节奏就是通过对这种节拍群的有规律的分解与组合而形成的。汉语诗歌节奏的形成与西语诗歌节奏的形成既有共同性 ,又各有独特性。     

Socio-economic re-structuring and employment: the case of minority ethnic groups

The consequences of major changes in employment, due to the decline of manufacturing and the growth of the service sector, have not been well-documented, nor theorized, in the sociology of ethnic relations, even in recent studies. For example, Blumer's classic argument that economic development adapts to 'race relations', rather than the reverse as predicted by the modernization school, has not been either empirically resolved or conceptually applied to the UK. By adapting data from the Labour Force Survey and the Census, the paper begins to fill this gap with a detailed account of three main minority ethnic groups, and a separate analysis of male and female employment. It is demonstrated that, contrary to assumptions that members of the minority ethnic groups suffered most from de-industrialization, they actually did rather well, and in some cases did better than the majority population. These findings are re-conceptualized as collective social mobility, as part of a review of a number of conceptual frameworks in the light of the data.     

个体所有权占优与分配理论的倾向性分析

个体所有权首先是个体对其生物存在性的自然所有,其次才是对维护这种生物存在性的物的所有.对于一个联合体来说,后者就需要一个制度上的安排,而这种安排也就是对物的分配形式与结果的认同.由于强势个体所有权与国家权力的共谋,在体现互利的公共权力还没有完全回归之前,经济基础对上层建筑的影响就主要表现在依靠国家权力对分配比例的干预上.这也是实践和理论对所有权合法性怀疑以及存在不同分配理论的主要原因.当国家权力完全脱离了个体所有权的掌握,无论是激进主义还是渐进主义,分配理论都应该是一个政治经济学研究的最核心问题.     

论当代延边朝鲜族文化发展战略

在中国社会处于新的转型时期的今天，延边朝鲜族文化发展战略将是：一、要强化民族文化教育，提高民族成员的民族意识和责任感；二、要加强民族主体意识，结合当代世界文化走向，选择朝鲜族文化的发展方向；三、充分利用网络高速公路，扩大朝鲜族文化的生存空间；四、提高人口素质，确保稳定的文化群体的存在。     

Halfway There? Policy,Politics and Outcomes in Community Care

The community care reforms which followed the 1989 White Paper "Caring for People"were apparently focused on addressing the needs of people requiring long-term care, and on achieving improved outcomes and better quality of life.
The agenda set out by the White Paper was for community care in the next decade and beyond. Half way through this decade, we question the extent to which the objectives of promoting choice and independence for users and carers have been achieved. The paper draws particularly on a programme of monitoring conducted jointly by the Nuffield Institute for Health and the King's Fund, based on national and local focus groups meeting over a two-year period. It proposes a framework for evaluation which consists of four components: the definition of desired outcomes; specification of service systems necessary to deliver such outcomes; promotion of access to services; and the development of supporting operational policies and resource allocation mechanisms.
This framework offers a substantial step beyond much of the monitoring of the community care reforms which has taken place to date. This has assessed progress largely in terms of the establishment of new systems and processes. We conclude that such changes were essential building blocks for delivering better-quality community care services, and in the short term it may have been legitimate to view their establishment as proxies for progress towards delivering user-centred services. However, monitoring and evaluation should now be increasingly oriented towards ensuring that these changes are in fact producing the desired service outputs and urn outcomes. We propose that our framework offers one such way forward.